How many anuran species are known?

What is the global distribution of frogs?

How many frog families are in the order anura?

What are some anuran synapomorphies?

What derived features unite all frogs EXCEPT Ascaphidae and Leiopelmatidae?

Family:
Two species
Endemic to Pacific NW US
Intromittent organ for internal fertilization
Highly aquatic; cold fast streams
Inguinal amplexus
Lacks tympanum (does not call)
Tadpoles have sucking oral disc

Family:
Four species, all endemic to NZ
Lack tympanum & vocal sacs
Direct development; terrestrial egg brooded by male
Inscriptional ribs embedded in ventral musculature
Low chr #

Family:
Europe, S. China, Borneo & Philippines
Aposematic coloring on belly, visible only during unken reflex
Toxic skin secretions
V-shaped parahyoid bone

Family:
W/C Europe, NW Africa, ME
Vary in habitat use
Often have nuptial pads on front feet and hind limbs
Adults have free ribs
Tongue disc-shaped and non-protrusible

Which subfamilies does the superfamily Mesobatrachia contain?

What are the synapomorphies of mesobatrachia?

Family:
Subtrop and tropical Asia
Mimic dead leave on forest floor or stream edges
Cryptic coloration and disruptive outlines
Glandular skin
Granular glands in axillary, pectoral, and femoral regions

Synapomorphies:
Ceratohyals absent or reduced
Intervert cartilage with ossified center
Paddle shaped tongue

Family:
Monogeneric
W Eurasia, NW Africa
Stocky bodies and vertical pupils
Deserts and arid habitats, fossorial
Highly seasonal breading

Sacroccygial joint fused
Palatines absent
Arciferal pectoral girdle
Astralagus and calcaneum fused only at ends

Family:
Monogeneric
W Europe, W Asia
Nocturnal, except in breeding season
Terrestrial
Bulging eyes
Fused astralagus and calcaneum
Parahyoid present

(Sub)Family:
NA
Squat; head small short and rounded
Round eyes and vertical pupils
short limbs, warty skin
Fossorial, use spade (keratinized metatarsal tubercle) to dig
Explosive breeders

Family:
Disjunct dist.: Sub-S Africa, trop SA
highly aquatic with fully webbed hindfeet
Front toes long
Extreme dorsoventral flattening, small or no eyelids
Lateral line system in most sp
Ear and laryngeal mods for underwater calling
Lack tongues

Family:
Monotypic family and genus
S Texas to Costa Rica
Tiny cone head with cornified skin at tip
Short, robust limbs
Hindfoot spade
Feeds underground on termites and ants
Tongue protrudes straight from goove in front of mouth

Synapomorphy: absence of sternum

What is Neobatrachia?

Define bufonids

Family:
Monotypic family, 3 sp in one genus
N SA
Rainforest
Large breeding aggregations, eggs deposited in water
Skull has ossified cranial roof, with many bones reduced

Family:
SE Brazil, leaf litter tropical
Very small
Reduced digit # (front 2-3, hind 3)
Tips of phlanges are blunt to pointed
Lack sternum
Terrestrial eggs, assumed direct development

Family:
Cosmopolitan dist.
Presence of parotid glands and 2 digging tubercles on foot distinguish from pelobatids
Often have cranial crests, rear toads often webbed

Synapomorphies:
Bidders organ (paedomorphic)
Absence of teeth

Family:
CA & SA
Usually arboreal
Transparent abdominal peritoneum and skin
Expanded toe discs, T phlanges with medial process on 3rd metacarpal
Astralagus and calcaneum fused

Family:
Cape area of S Africa
Habitat specialists in swift streams
Expanded digit tips
Have toepads + webbed feet
Tadpoles have oral disc

Family:
NA, SA, Asia, Eur, Australia
distinct adhesive toe discs, contain cartilage to offset terminal phalanx
Mostly arboreal

Synapomorphy:
Terminal phalanges claw-like instead of straight

Family:
New World
Lots of variation, but mostly terrestrial with aquatic laid eggs
No known synapomorphies - paraphyletic
Lacks derived characters of other bufonids

Family:
CA, SA, Southern NA
Rainforests
Terrestrial & arboreal
Direct development
paired frontoparietals and palatines
T shaped term phalanges that usually have pads with circumferential grooves

Family:
Australia & NG
Primarily terrestrial, habitats vary

Family:
Australia & NG
Terrestrial, habitats vary
Variation in devo and exomorphs

Absent or reduced toe discs
First 2 presacral vertebrae not fused
Periaxial sheath

Family:
Monogeneric
S Argentina and Chile
Wet temperate forest
Eggs laid on land, then carried by males in vocal sacs either to water or until development done

Small with fleshy proboscis on snout

Family:
Ca, SA
Diurnal, terrestrial
Parental care
Many have aposematic coloring
Dupradigital scutes on dorsal fingers
Cephalic amplexus

Family:
Large, aquatic
Robust, toad-like

Dist: Chile

Family:
Slow-moving streams, forest leaf litter

Dist: NW Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Chile, Argentina

Family:
Cartilaginous sternum
Diurnal predators
Spend much of time in water
All have tadpole stage

Dist: NW to S Brazil

Family:
High elevations

Dist: S SA

Family:
Terrestrial or semi-terrestrial forests, streams, and rocky outcrops
Left and right branchial chambers fuse behind heart

Dist: temperate SA

Family:
Flattened head, non-coossified skin on skull
Recurved fang teeth on maxilla, premaxilla, and vomer

Dist: SA (Andean)

Family:
Terrestrial, tropical rainforests
Direct development, bear eggs on back until hatch (dorsal pouch)
Embryos have two pairs of bell-shaped gills

Dist: SA, CA

Family:
Robust bodies
Round, wide, large heads
Terrestrial, grasslands to forests

Dist: S & E SA

Family:
Montane forests and streams at high elevations
Direct devo from terrestrial eggs
Unpigmented eggs

Dist: Guiana Shield in Guyana, Venezuela, Brazil

Family:
Leaf litter in tropical rainforests
Direct development

Dist: N/C A, disjunct in S Brazil

Family:
Terrestrial breeding, direct devo
Males have singular subgular vocal sacs

Dist: C & S A

Family:
Restricted to Seychelles Islands
Moist forests
Tympanum absent
Terrestrial eggs, males carry eggs on back

Family:
Recently discovered, restricted to India
Lack toe disks
Specialized burrowers

Family:
Many ecomorphs
Transverse skin fold across back of head
Small head
Short snout, and small mouth
Premaxillary and maxillary teeth absent

Almost cosmopolitan distribution
Wide variety of habitats

Family:
African, moist forests
Direct development
Pointed snouts
Long limbs
Third finger generally elongated
Unwebbed feet

Family:
Sub-S Africa, Mad, Seychelles
Most arboreal
Sexually dimorphic bright coloring
Expanded Toepads
No nuptial pads
Tympanum present but concealed

Family:
Sub-S Africa
Backwards burrowers
Dimorphic body size
Many unable to amplex so use adhesive skin secretion
Direct development
Inflate
Best frogs

Family:
Sub-S Africa
Fossorial
Hardened and pointed snout
Sternum absent
Skull modified for digging, head small and pointed
Parental care
Skin fold on head

Family:
W Africa
Fast moving streams and rivers
Tusk-like odontoids on lower mandible with curved maxillary teeth
Tympanum distinct
Extensive webbing
Granular skin

Family:
One genus, many species
Sub-S Africa
T-shaped terminal phlanges

Family:
Sub-S Africa
Longitudinal ridges/stripes
Savannah and grasslands

Family:
Disjunctly W & E Africa
Riverine systems
Lack vocal cords

Family:
C & E Africa
Spray zone of streams and waterfalls
Sexually dimorphic
Distinct tympanum

Family:
Sub-S Africa
Explosive breeders
Urostyle has bicondylar articulation with sternum

Family:
W Ghats of India
Riparian habitats
Territorial
Calling and foot flagging

Family:
W Ghats and Sri Lanka
Concealed tympanum
Dorsal straddle amplexus
Wet marshy habitat

Family:
C/S India
Leaf litter or streams
Y shaped terminal phalanges

Family:
SE Asia
Terrestrial, some arboreal
Direct development

Family:
SubS Africa, S & E Asia
Terrestrial to aquatic
Diverse repro, including inguinal amplexus
Tadpoles have many adaptations: algae scraping, carnivorous fangs

Family:
SubS Africa, S & SE Asia
Primarily arboreal
Expanded toe disks
Highly webbed
Some have oophagus tadpoles
Front foot has two opposable toes

Family:
Worldwide (almost)
No diagnostic synapomorphies
Long legs and webbed feet
Streamlined & large bodied
Waist often thin
Well developed musculature

Family:
Madagascar
Terrestrial or arboreal
Axillary amplexus
Terrestrial eggs and larvae drop or are swept into water