First users were the engineers who built and programmed computers, then employees who had received specialized training were users, and now today, anyone and everyone can be a user.

Sends files over the network at the request of clients.

Responds over LAN, within one location/site.

Support both application software and data files.

Turns a user-friendly domain name, like Google.com, into an Internet Protocol (IP) address like ((( 70.42.251.42 )))
that computers use to identify each other on the network.

Uses TWO KEYS a public and private key for performing encryption and decryption

PROVING you are who you say you are which can be done by:

what you know, what you have!

TIER WHERE THE USER interface for the system is developed; SHIELDS THE USER from the underlying logic of the systems as well as the underlying data structures

SYSTEMS DEPLOYMENT Steps

1. System Conversion
2. Final Documentation
3. End User Training

CONNECTS MULTIPLES networks together; can be used to directly connect computers to a network; will relay messages to computers with APPROPRIATE IP ADDRESS

Requires that data is KEPT secure so that they are not accidentally provided or obtained by unauthorized users

Protecting EVERY LAYER that SURROUNDS ((( DATA )))

Can take on DIFFERENT FORMS depending on the complexity of the application; in certain instances, it is AN ACTUAL OBJECT that is an ACTUAL IMPLEMENTATION of the application

Creates a subset of the data by reducing the data from multiple dimensions to one dimension

The technology used in creating, maintaining, and making information accessible.

In charge of all aspects of the
COMPUTER NETWORKS

Focuses on the design, development, and support of DATABASE MANAGEMENT systems (DBMSs).

Installs, configures, maintains, secures, and troubleshoots web severs.

Processed data.

INFORMATION THAT HAS BEEN PUT TO USE

information placed into a context. Refined information such that the user of the knowledge is able to call forth only relevant portions of information when needed.

Provides a social setting to knowledge;
AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE ((( WHY )))

Can only come by having BOTH KNOWLEDGE and EXPERIENCE

The INPUT Processing,
OUTPUT, STORAGE
Cycle

Raw data is organized or structured for usefulness.

Information is output so user can see results.

Processed information is stored for permanent record.

A collection of components that work together to meet the needs of the user; typically :
CATEGORIZED AS EITHER
HARDWARE, SOFTWARE, NETWORKS AND USERS

Physical components of a computer system which include the system unit and its components and peripheral devices;
TANGIBLE ASPECTS OF THE COMPUTER

A collection of computers and resources CONNECTED by various media so that they can COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER.

Systems Software and Applications Software

RULES provided by WHICH NETWORKS communicate with each other.

STORES the programs BEING EXECUTED and the data they are using.

Controls THE SPEED at which instructions are processed.

Stands for Random Access Memory.

It temporarily stores data before it is processed and sent to your screen or printer.

IT IS VOLATILE (means data or information stored disappears when the computer is turned off or loses power).

Transistor components, magnetic core memory, smaller size, easier to program, disk drives and drums, called mainframe computers

Silicon chips (known as ICs - integrated circuits), reduced cost, called mini computers, networks introduced via dumb terminals

Written for a specific machine by the engineers who built and ran the computers; no need for OS since only one program could run at a time

Easier than machine but still required detailed, precise LOW LEVEL instructions

Function is to TRANSLATE ONE LANGUAGE TO ANOTHER; take source code and convert it to another form; source code by itself cannot be read by a computer

Programmer is limited to high level control constructs such as while loops, for loops, and if/else statements and not allowed to use primitive GOTO statements

A type of programming language for which most of its implementations
EXECUTES INSTRUCTIONS DIRECTLY AND FREELY,
without previously compiling a program into machine-language instructions.

Small programs that place Linux commands or DOS batch files into a file

The computer that the user is using; physically present with

Connects computers to each other with
NO REAL UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT IS BEING TRANSFERRED

Used for private networks with local computers.

Like a hub, but this will only send data that is
INTENDED FOR SPECIFIC COMPUTER

Can be connected to hub, switch, or router; many routers now also act as a wireless access point; sends out a wireless signal so computers on the network can connect without a cable

Contains one or more servers; client is a computer that will request information from another computer; server is a computer that takes requests and responds with the requested information; the software used facilitates communication with remote servers

Stores data files (web pages)
and programs (scripts).

Responds from anywhere on the Internet.

Monitors print jobs

Like web server or file server in that REQUEST ARE FILES and RESPONDED ARE THE FILES
data delivered between client and server.

Devices connected along a SINGLE CABLE

Size of network is restricted.

Each device is connected to a
CENTRAL DEVICE
such as a hub or switch.

Each device is connected
DIRECTLY TO ITS NEIGHBOR
and messages are forwarded from device to device until the proper destination is reached.

Every device is connected directly to every other device in the network.

Identifies the server on which the web page can be found

Always ends with a period and a THREE or TWO LETTER EXTENSION which signifies the TYPE of organization or country associated with the page

Indicates the name of the file you are accessing, or the location of the document on the server

Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability

1st - Must include a component that ensures the accuracy of the collected data

2nd - Must be entered into the system accurately

3rd - Data modification must be tracked

1. Identify the organization's information assets
2. Identify vulnerabilities of each asset
3. Determine threats
4. Prioritizing risks
5. Develop and enact policies that will reduce threats

An attacker issues a SQL command to a web server as part of the URL or as input to a form on a company's website; web server might pass the command onto the database which then allows potentially anything to be done to the database

Placing malicious code into the buffer so that it can be executed once stored in memory; oldest and most well known software exploit; software engineers can protect against this when writing code

Informs companies of potential problems with software HACK ATTACKS so companies can fix the problems.

Individuals with
MALICIOUS INTENT WHO VIOLATE SECURITY
in order to commit crimes or acts of terrorism

Engage in BOTH WHITE and BLACK hat types of hacking activities

Type of virus that completely replaces an existing application and takes the name of the taken over file

Attempts to identify if a file contains a virus or some form of malware

Ensures proper storage of data by providing a means so that data is available even when storage devices are damaged or offline

Uses the same key for performing the encryption and decryption

Ensures that the user gains access only to the resources that the user should be able to access

1. Cost savings benefits
2. Increased efficiency and productivity
3. Increased facilitation of communication

Consists of programs that
END USERS RUN
to accomplish tasks

Consists of programs that
MAKE UP THE OS
software that directly supports the computer system itself

Works with hardware to provide a
NETWORK SERVICE

A LAN that uses the Internet Protocol

Core components of the OS that is loaded when the computer is first booted.

An interface for the user, often personalized for that given user, that provides access to the kernel.

Administration and Support

Maintains all aspects of the system including hardware, software, and programming.

Installs, configures, and administers firewall security to protect systems and proactively work to stop intrusions.

Help desk and training.

Defines the transition of data to information from knowledge to wisdom. (Data Information Knowledge Wisdom)

The input directly received by the user (or computer). It is generally not usable until it has been converted into a relevant form.

Having been inferred from data; one or more processes have been applied to the data to transform it into a more useful form.

A collection of data and information used to support the management of an organization. Also refers to the technical components and human resources that enable the assembly, storage, and processing of data and the delivery of information. This has existed for a lot longer than computers.

RELEVANCE - the data being used must apply directly to the decision being made

TIMELY - data must be efficient and must be provided in a timely manner

THOROUGH - the data must be complete

ACCURATE - data should be captured only once, where possible and should be captured as close to the point of activity as possible.

RELIABLE - data should reflect stable and consistent data collection processes across collections points and over time

Raw data is entered BY THE USER

COMPUTER PROGRAMS that tell the computer what to do--how to execute commands and process information

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. Most commonly used protocol; is required of all computers that communicate over the Internet.

A collection of protocols. TCP/IP is an example.

CPU, Memory and Storage, Peripheral Devices

Executes programs' instructions and commands various components in the computer. Referred to as the "chip".

All peripheral devices where long term storage devices are used.

Permits information to move between each component; electrical channels that enable communication among the electronic components

Critical component of all computer based systems; consists of most of the hardware the computer needs in order to run; comes in a variety of shapes and sizes.

Case, Internal Bays, Buses, Ports, Hard Drive, Motherboard, CPU, CPU Cooler, Memory Module (RAM), Power Supply Unit (PSU), Expansion Slots/Cards

Control Unit (CU) - retrieves the instructions and the raw data that is input and coordinates or controls the sending of those instructions and data to the ALU

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) - does the actual processing of the data; completing mathematical calculations and logical operations to process the data and converting the input of the keyboard text entry to output displayed on the screen

Dynamic RAM (DRAM) - typically called main memory

Static RAM (SRAM) - cache memory and registers

BIOS stands for: Basic Input Output System; ROM stands for Read Only Memory.

Typically stored in ROM chip on the motherboard.

Is software NOT hardware, ("basic" operating system that runs when the computer is first turned on).

Runs tests of memory and the CPU and initializes hardware components so that the actual Operating System can be loaded from the hard disk.

Can't choose the amount or contents.

Vacuum tubes, relay switches, the need to program in machine language

Single chip processor, called microcomputer, first personal computer, rudimentary computer graphics, home use

Doubling of transistor count roughly every 18 - 24 months (exponential increase)

Punch cards, magnetic tape, hard disks, floppy disks, optical discs, flash memory, cloud storage

Improve language translator; requires that the components of the software all be defined before compilation can begin; code is more efficient

Characterized by the creation of windowed operating systems, easier real-world object modeling in programming code, and the application of inheritance in program code.

A computer being accessed over the network

Requires that a full pathway, or circuit, be established before transmission can begin and maintained during the entire transmission; like calling someone on the phone

A message's pathway is only established as it is sent; the choice of pathway is based on availability and amount of message traffic

Creates and maintains client network connections to remote servers

A software emulator program that permits a computer user to use multiple computers and multiple platforms without the expense of purchasing multiple computers; allows a user to run software for different OS platform in their computer that would not otherwise be able to run that software; this allows multiple users on a network to access the software to support collaboration.

Computers that have greater hard disk storage, faster response time and are used to respond to request from other computers on the network

Responds to queries by pulling from the database.

Typically only to local clients.

Two email servers communicate with each other

Link between two resources; links two routers without any host or network in between

Protocol, Domain name, Resource/Filename

Requires that data is correct

Requires that information is available when needed

Public - available through public sources; includes names and addresses

Sensitive - not considered a threat to a person's privacy if others learn of it; include email addresses

Private - information that could be a threat if disclosed to others; includes social security and credit card numbers

Confidential - information that an organization will keep secret; includes patentable information and business plans

Emails to people to redirect them to a website to perform some operation but the website is a fake and just takes the information

Allows you to obtain anything being sent over a network if the data being transmitted isn't encrypted

Self contained programs that do not need other programs to propagate across computers and computer networks

Idea of obfuscating the information that resides on a computer or sent over a network so that if it is intercepted the hacker will be unable to use the information