Forensics Final MCQs 2- 5th Year PMU

The presence of petechial haemorrhages does not automatically point to asphyxia as a cause of death

The presence of petechial haemorrhages automatically points to asphyxia as a cause of death

More recently still the arm lock has been used as means of restraint by law enforcement officers, sometimes with fatal results

More recently still the arm lock has been used as means of restraint by law enforcement officers, not causing death due to asphyxia

Airway obstruction is a contributory factor in some hangings where the hyoid bone and tongue are pushed upwards and backwards against the laryngo-pharynx. This type of obstruction produces “air hunger” which is a frightening sensation and a feature of vascular compression in the neck

Airway obstruction is a contributory factor in some hangings where the hyoid bone and tongue are pushed upwards and backwards against the laryngo-pharynx. This type of obstruction produces “air hunger” which is a frightening sensation and is not a feature of vascular compression in the neck

Ligature strangulation can be defined as a circumferential squeezing of the neck which is dependent of the gravitational weight or suspension of the head

Ligature strangulation can be defined as a circumferential squeezing of the neck which is independent of the gravitational weight or suspension of the head

The ligature mark is a vital part of the evidence as it often reproduces the pattern and dimensions of the ligature itself

The ligature mark is a vital part of the evidence as it often reproduces the colour and material of the ligature itself

Hanging is usually suicidal, in some cases it may be accidental, particularly those related to autoerotic asphyxiation

Hanging is always suicidal

External appearances of strangulation are injuries to the larynx; laryngeal bleeding; intramuscular bleeding; intimal carotid artery laceration — Amussat's sign; Simons's bleeding; Hangman’s fracture

Internal appearances of strangulation are injuries to the larynx; laryngeal bleeding; intramuscular bleeding; intimal carotid artery laceration — Amussat's sign; Simons's bleeding; Hangman’s fracture

Hangings that involve free swinging result in an almost instantaneous death due to sudden pressure on the neck arteries. If a long drop is involved the cervical spine may be broken

Hangings that involve free swinging result in an almost instantaneous death due to sudden pressure on the neck arteries. If a long drop is involved, the cervical spine is always broken

When oxygen is not able to reach the lungs because of occlusion of the mouth and / or nose, or the airway at the level of the larynx is obstructed (eg by a bolus of food), the cause of the asphyxial death is 'obstruction of the airways’

When oxygen is not able to reach the lungs because of occlusion of the mouth and/ or nose, or the airway at the level of the larynx is obstructed (eg by a bolus of food), the cause of the asphyxial death is strangulation

Restraint asphyxia is a variant in which chest, diaphragm and accessory muscles are impaired by the act of physical restraint

Restraint asphyxia is a variant in which chest, diaphragm and strap muscles are impaired by the act of physical restraint

Manual strangulation can be both homicidal and suicidal

Manual strangulation is always homicidal

The location of the hanging mark is situated higher on the neck, usually being directly under the chin anteriorly, passing round beneath the jaw-bones and rising up at the sides or back of the neck to the usual gap under the knot

The location of the ligature mark is situated higher on the neck, usually being directly under the chin anteriorly, passing round beneath the jaw-bones and rising up at the sides or back of the neck to the usual gap under the knot

Amussat’s sign is a laceration of the intimal carotid artery

Amussat’s sign is a laryngeal bleeding

Hangman’s fracture is an internal appearance in strangulation

Hangman s fracture is an external appearance in strangulation

The appearance of finger indentations around the neck area indicates manual strangulation

The appearance of finger indentations around the neck area indicates chest compression

Mechanism of death is a physical abnormality produced by cause of death that is incompatible with life

The cause of death is a physical abnormality produced by the mechanism of death

Cause of death is a disease or an injury that initiates the events that led to death

Mechanism of death is a disease or an injury that initiates the events that led to death

The external examination at autopsy includes examination of each organ in the body cavities

The external examination at autopsy includes the age, sex, race, physique, height, weight and nourishment of the deceased

The internal examination at autopsy includes examination of each organ in the body cavities

The internal examination at autopsy includes the age, sex, race, physique, height, weight and nourishment of the deceased

The bruise is a leakage of blood from ruptured small vessels (veins or arterioles) into the surrounding tissues

The bruise is a settling of blood into the lowermost blood vessels under gravity after the circulation ceases

Abrasions are injuries involving superficial layers of the skin - the epidermis or mucus membrane due to impact against some hard, blunt, and rough object

Abrasions are injuries involving the full thickness of the skin - epidermis or mucus membrane due to impact against some hard, blunt, and rough object

After 7-10 days the colour of the scab of an abrasion is reddish — brown

After 2-3 days the colour of the scab of an abrasion is reddish — brown

Laceration is a leakage of blood from ruptured small vessels into the surrounding tissues

Laceration is a full thickness tearing of the skin (or other tissue) due to stretching, pinning and crushing of tissues by blunt force trauma

Lacerated wounds are characterised by ragged edges, bruising of skin and tissue bridges

Abrasions are characterised by ragged edges, bruising of skin and tissue bridges

Lacerated wounds heal by scarring

Lacerated wounds heal by scabbing

The lacerated wound is due to blunt force

The lacerated wound is due to sharp force

Tissue bridges in depth of lacerated wound are intact nerves, vessels and tendons

Tissue bridges in depth of cut wound are intact nerves, vessels and tendons

Healing of wound is through three phases - phase of inflammation, phase of proliferation and phase of scar formation and remodeling

Healing of wound is through three phases - phase of inflammation, phase of proliferation and phase of scab formation and remodeling

Abrasions are injuries involving superficial layers of the skin - epidermis or mucus membrane, due to impact against some hard, blunt and rough object / weapon

Lacerations are injuries involving superficial layers of the skin - epidermis or mucus membrane, due to impact against some hard, blunt and rough object / weapon

Tissue bridges are intact edges

Tissue bridges are intact nerves, vessels and tendons

Laceration is not a full thickness tearing of the skin (or other tissue) due to stretching, pinning and crushing of tissues by blunt force trauma

Laceration is a full thickness tearing of the skin (or other tissue) due to stretching, pinning and crushing of tissues by blunt force trauma

Early changes take place between the first 12 to 24 hours

Early changes take place between the first 24 to 48 hours

Early changes are changes of the skin and mucous membranes, body cooling, rigor mortis and Llivor mortis

Early changes are changes of the skin and mucous membranes, body cooling, rigor mortis and adipocere

Late changes take place after 24 hours

Late changes take place between the first 24 to 48 hours

Late changes are putrefaction, mummification and adipocere

Late changes are putrefaction, mummification and livor mortis

The "Spot of the Larche” is a dark discoloration of a portion of sclera exposed to air

The ,"Spot of the Larche” is a hemorrhage associated with strangulation

The "Spot of the Larche” is an early post-mortem change

The "Spot of the Larche” is a hemorrhage associated with strangulation

The "Spot of the Larche” is a dark discoloration of a portion of sclera exposed to air

The "Spot of the Larche” is a late post-mortem change

The incised wound is a clean division of the full thickness of skin (or other tissue) under the pressure of a sharp-edged weapon

The incised wound results from hacking or chopping motion made with a fairly sharp and relatively heavy weapon

The incised wound is deeper than it is long due to a Swipe action

The incised wound is longer than it is deep due to a Swipe action

The incised wound reflects weapon type, not sharp edge

The incised wound reflects sharp edge, not weapon type

Defence wounds are due to the immediate & instinctive reaction of the Victim to save himself/ herself, either by raising the arm to prevent the attack, or by grasping the weapon

Hesitation wounds are due to the immediate & instinctive reaction of the victim to save himself, either by raising the arm to prevent the attack, or by grasping the weapon

Hesitation wounds are signs of a homicide

Hesitation wounds are signs of a suicide

Penetrating wounds are caused by separation of the skin and soft tissues under the pressure of a sharp or blunt pointed instrument

Incised wounds are caused by separation of the skin and soft tissues under pressure of a sharp or blunt pointed instrument

A straight in and out stab wound is slightly shorter than the width of the blade due to stretching of the skin over the point of the knife on insertion and elastic recoil withdrawal

A straight in and out stab wound is slightly longer than the width of the pace due to stretching of the skin over the point of the knife on insertion and elastic recoil withdrawal

Stab wound width must be assessed with the edges taped together because the wound is often shortened and widened into an ellipse by skin elasticity and underlying muscle tone

Stab wound width must be assessed with the edges not taped together because the wound is often shortened and widened into an ellipse by skin elasticity and underlying muscle tone

The best indicator of blade width is the shortest (least rocking), deepest wound (weapon fully inserted)

The best indicator of blade width is the longest (most rocking), deepest wound (weapon fully inserted)

Firearm injuries occur when someone is shot by a bullet or other sort of projectile from a firearm

Firearm injuries occur when someone is hit with the handle of a pistol

The kinetic energy of a bullet is proportional to mass and velocity

The kinetic energy of a bullet is proportional to deformation and fragmentation

Skin defect is due to passing of the projectile through the skin

Skin defect is due to deposition of soot from partially burnt gases

Forward motion of bullet indents the skin and abrades the margin of exit wound

Forward motion of bullet indents the skin and abrades the margin of entry wound

Tattooing is a deposition of soot from partially burnt gases

Smudging is a deposition of soot from partially but gases

An entry wound is typically larger and more irregular than an exit one due to bullet tumbling and deformation

An exit wound is typically larger and more irregular than an entry one due to bullet tumbling and deformation

Muzzle impression is due to the skin impact against muzzle produced by discharge gases in distant wound

Muzzle impression is due to the skin impact against muzzle produced by discharge gases in contact and near contact wounds

Lubricant and debris on bullet surface wipe off onto the wound edge and produce abrasion ring

Lubricant and debris on bullet surface wipe off onto the wound edge and produce grey ring

A contact entry wound is generally large and cruciate ( stellate, or star shaped), due to explosive effects of the gases liberated

A contact entry wound is generally small and cruciate ( stellate, or star shaped), due to explosive effects of the gases liberated

A distant entry wound is produced by mechanical action of bullet penetration of skin only

A near entry wound is produced by mechanical action of bullet penetration of skin only

The entry wound shows a punched clean hole in the outer table of the skull

The exit wound shows a punched clean hole in the outer table of the skull