What planets don't orbit perfectly in the plane of the ecliptic?
Jupiter
Mars
neptune
saturn
uranus
mercury
earth
Earth is heated by:
the heat of accretion
radiation
the inner core
heat of compression
heat caused by differentiation, heat of formation
seismic p waves depend on:
the bulk modulus
3/4 the shear modulus
1/density
square of all of the above
square root of all of the above
the d'' layer is the layer of discontinuity between the crust and the upper mantle
Mercury has an:
upper mantle
lower mantle
solid inner core
solid FeS layer
What is the difference in formation between a protostar and a protoplanet?
Protostars are larger
Protostars form first out of particles, their gravity causes other particles to orbit the protostar, colliding and forming planets
protoplanets don't have a gravitational field
s waves, or shear waves are propagated:
horizontally
90 degrees to horizontal
by the shearing movement
p waves are caused by:
areas of compression and release
horizontal movement
ray paths are drawn as curves over short distances
Erastosthenes experiment calculated:
The radius of the earth
the circumference of the earth
the orbit of the earth
What is the upsilon andromoedae system?
An asteroid belt
A multi-star system
the heat of differentiation is:
Heat caused by Fe losing potential energy as it traveled inwards
heat caused by the different layers if the earth
Inge Lehmann discovered the liquid outer core
The upper mantle is made of
olivine
pyroxene
ringwoodite
wadlseyite
perovskite
ferropericlase
the order of sea floor spreading is:
magma rises, is cooled, moves to the side (pushed by new magma coming up), is subducted underneath less dense continental crust
magma rises, moves to the side, cools which locks in the curie temperature, and then sinks as the density increases
the athenosphere and lithosphere are parts of the upper mantle
outer core is made of liquid:
Fe
Ni
Si
S
O
Mg
Ca
the difference between the inner core and the outer core is that it transitions from liquid to solid
Sea floor spreading is started by subduction
types of convergent boundaries are:
oceanic-oceanic, one that's more dense than the other will sink
oceanic-continental
continental-continental
san andreas fault
normal fault
Vine, Matthews and Morley used sea floor spreading to confirm:
polar reversal
continental drift
hot spot hypothesis
subduction
continent-continent collisions:
create mountains
are a form of convergent boundary
are caused by sea floor spreading centres
match the innovator with their idea:
J.J thompson and the e-
rutherford and the p+ and empty space in the nucleus
Hipparchus classify stars based on brightness 1-6
hertzsprung-russel luminosity vs temperature
hertzsprung-russel classify stars based on brightness 1-6
Bohr quantized model of atom
Alfred Wegener continental drift
Harry hess hot spot hypothesis
Harry hess sea floor spreading centres
J.J. tuzo wilson, wilson cycle, transform bounadries and hot spot hypothesis
conduction is the most efficient way of spreading heat
There are these types of divergent faults:
normal faults
sea floor spreading centres
subduction zones
transform
pluto is a part of the kuiper belt
Igneous and metamorphic rocks lock in the polar field by:
cooling past their curie temperatures and locking in the polar field at the time
as the particles settle, magnetic minerals like hematite and magnetite align with the magnetic field and the particles align with the magnetic field because if this
Venus has:
intense greenhouse effect
no magnetic field
a much larger radius than earth
no plate tectonics
in the wilson cycle the continents rejoin because of:
they don't rejoin
uneven rates of subduction
the temperature of the magma
A star increases in temperature,
becomes a red giant, nebulas, then becomes a white dwarf
becomes a red supergiant, novas, then becomes a neutron star or a blackhole
becomes a planet
Jupiter has:
11x earth's radius
>60 satellites
liquid core
solid core
these are the jovian planets:
jupiter
pluto
venus
the depths are:
crust=30 mantle=2990 outer core=5200 inner core=6400
crust=0 mantle=1000 outer core= 2700 outer core= 4300
when an iceberg pushes down on the land it:
wants to melt and become magma
bounces back up, causing cracks
forms an indent in the earth
volcanoes are caused by:
hydrated oceanic plates melting up through the mantle
hot spot hypothesis is that:
the hot spot are caused by plate movement, magma coming up through same plate, in a different place
the sea floor spreading centers move, causing magma to form the Hawaiian islands
The terrestrial planets are made of metal and rock, as opposed to the jovian planets made of gases and ice. This is because:
planets closer to the sun are formed by elements that condense at higher temperatures. This is why terrestrial planets are formed by metals and rocks
because the gases condense at lower temperatures they did not form the terrestrial planets and were pushed outwards
planets closer to the sun were able to get more of the elements from the nebula and therefore were made of the heavier elements, leaving the lighter elements for the jovian planets
the temperatures of the layers of the earth are:
crust=0 mantle=1000 outer core=3700 inner core=4300
