Outline the concept of ‘chemical signalling’ and give examples of molecules involved (e.g. hormones, growth factors, neurotransmitters). Explain what is meant by ‘target cells’ in terms of the presence of receptors. Explain the term ‘second messengers’. Describe the transmembrane signalling systems operating via cyclic AMP (cAMP). Indicate the end result in the cell of this type of cascade process, and give examples of the metabolic and physiological consequences.
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