The Kidneys and Posterior Abdominal Wall

Which muscle of the posterior abdominal wall is likely to be responsible for extension and lateral flexion of the vertebral column as well as fixture of the 12th rib during inspiration?

Which muscle of the posterior abdominal wall is likely to be responsible for flexion of the thigh at the hip as well as lateral flexion of the vertebral column?

Which muscle of the posterior abdominal wall is likely to be responsible only for flexion of the vertebral column (when it is present, that is)?

Which muscle of the posterior abdominal wall is likely to only be responsible for flexion of the thigh at the hip joint?

Why can infection in the psoas sheath surrounding the psoas major muscle give the appearance of an inguinal hernia?

What is the fascia of the posterior abdominal wall continuous with?

How many layers of the thoracolumbar fascia, occurring in the posterior abdominal wall, are there?

Where does the centre of the hilum of the right kidney lie?

Where does the centre of the hilum of the left kidney lie?

Why is the right kidney positioned lower in the abdomen than the left kidney?

Which of these occurs between the renal capsule and renal fascia?

Which of these occurs outside of the renal fascia?

Which tissue of the kidney forms the renal pyramids?

Where do the renal arteries branch off the aorta?

Do the interlobular arteries of the kidney anastamose with one another?

Which is true of the renal artery once it enters the renal hilum?

Which of the following segmental arteries will the posterior divison of the renal artery continue as?

Which arteries of the kidney are found either side of each renal pyramid?

Which of the following arise from the interlobar arteries?

Which is true of the interlobular arteries of the kidney?

Which renal vein, which drains the kidney directly into the inferior vena cava, is longer?

Lymph from the kidneys drains into the para-aortic lymph nodes. Where are these found?

What provides parasympathetic innervation to the kidneys?

The renal plexus occurs around the renal arteries. Where do its sympathetic fibres arise from?

Where do the ureters cross the pelvic inlet to enter the pelvic cavity?

What also occurs when the ureters cross the pelvic inlet and enter the pelvis?

At what level do the ureters turn anteromedially to move in a transverse plane towards the bladder?

What do the ureters pass behind in males?

Which spinal roots supply the ureters, causing pain from the ureters to be referred to the corresponding dermatomes?

At what level does the ovarian artery cross over the ureters?

Which suprarenal gland is pyramidal in shape whereas the other is semi-lunar?

In which of the following are the suprarenal glands enclosed?

Which of the following separates the suprarenal glands from the kidneys?

Which of the following does the superior adrenal artery arise from?

Which of the following does the middle suprarenal artery arise from?

Which of the following does the inferior adrenal artery arise from?

Which spinal roots supply the sympathetic innervation of the suprarenal glands?

Where does the lymph of the suprarenal glands drain to?