In an early attempt to reduce serfdom in 1803 Alexader I had made it legal for landowners to sell their land to serfs

Several Baltic States had already abolished serfdom

The edict only initially applied to privately owned serfs and this left 27 million exempt

In the emancipationn serfs were to be released from bondage and become free men with legal rights?

Emancipated serfs were to stay within their Mir until they or their families had payed reparation payments in full

Serfs had to continue to pay obrock for 2 years after the emancipation

Landowners would maintain ownership of meadows pasture and woodland after the emancipation.

Communal fields were to be held by the mir and farmed by any previous serfs?

Volosts were formed to supervise the Mir and acted as a form of peasant self government and from 1863 had thier own courts

Russian industrialisation couldn't keep up with the influx of peasants into the cities, True or False?

many peasants resented the redemption payments and the lack of real change in their situations, True or False?

the Mir proved to be conservative in outlook and stood in the way of new industrial farming techniques from being implemented on farms, True or False?

the suppression of a riot in Bezdna, Kazan in 1861, by the military left 70 peasants dead, True or False?

after the emancipation the military was left with no conscripts so Dimitri Milyutin began a program of reform to create a smaller more professional army, True or False?

military service could no longer be used as a punishment by courts, True or False?

military colonies were abandoned True or False?

military punishments were made less severe to help morale in the army, True or False?

under Dimitri Milyutin 15 new regional command centres were set up

the cost of the army went down and the literacy rates of the army increased, largely due to military colleges. True or False?

before the emancipation landowners had been in charge of judicial systems and infrastructure but now there was a void that needed filling, True or False?

The Zemstva representatives were chosen through ELECTORAL COLLEGES votes were weighted towards the nobles, True or False

From 1875 conscription was compulsory from the age of 20 for all classes, True or False?

After the military reforms of 1975, Iron clad steam ships and strategic railways were built, True or false?

zemstvas were introduced in 1863, True or False?

True or False: Zemstvas were very effective as they were made up of people who knew the area particularly in the area of education and welfare...

True or False: since the Zemstva were full of liberal minded people like doctors and lawyers, they provided a forum of debate and criticism of the regime...

True or False the Zemstvas powers were limited, they had no control over taxes and provincial governors selected by the Tsar were responsible for judiciary and could overturn decisions of the Zemstva.

True or False: the old judiciary system demanded a complete overhaul especially concerning property law after the emancipation

after the emancipation landowners wanted legal protection from any backlash they may get from the freed serfs.

before the emancipation serfs had little of any legal civil rights, they were presumed guilty unless proven innocent

the old system was heavily critised by the intelligentsia as there were no provisions for defence for the peasants

after 3 years of considerartion Dmitrii Zamyatnin introduced a new legal system modelled on the west

opening up the courts to the public mean that lawyers could become celebrities and some used this opportunity to criticise the regime, True or False?

True or False after the case of Vera Zasulichall political crimes would now be dealt with by a special procedure and revolutionaries were arrested and dealt with by the Third Section

True or False, Military courts were excluded from the reforms , and in some regions trail by jury wasn't established.

there was a need to create an educated Russian class that wasn't run by the conservative Russian Orthodox church which had previously been responsible for education, True or False?

emancipation meant that peasnat bedly needed some education so that they could manage their ownland with basic literacy and numeracy.

the regime was suspicious of mass education, True or False?

The Zemstva provided an opportunity for change within the educational system, True or False?

1862- 67 Alexander Golovnin managed to push through some reforms but was later replaced with the more conservative tolstoy

In Alexander Golovnin's education reforms extended primary and secondary education he also intrdouced modern schools fo those who didn't want a classiclal education and both of these offered university opportunities

In Alexander Golovnin's educational reforms schools wre made open and equal to all

the curriculum remained conservative

Under Nicholas I censorship had been extensive, True or false?

foreign publications could now be sold in Russia after the new rules of censorship were passed in 1865 ( with the approval of the state)

The new courts system provided a fairer way in which to challenge censorship

the new censorship laws led to growth in critical writing's such as Chernevsky's " What is to be done?"

during the years 1860 -78 the rouble fluctuated widely

the slow speed of railway construction undermined trade

it was feared that if the church fell in to disrepute it would weaken the regime

an Ecclasiastical commission set up in 1862 which was responsible for all church reforms

The church reforms did little else than the previous, True or False?

in 1868 restrictions on national minorities from the beggining of A2's reign the Finns were allowed a national Diet, and catholicism was more accepted even jews had some relaxation in their restrictions, True or False?

most off the relaxation toward minorities was reversed in 1863, True or false?

one of the main reasons for reform was the failure of Russia in the Crimean War

Russia was shown up as a " great power" True or False ( in the Crimean War)

Alexander II himself was one of the main reasons for reform in Russia between 1855 -1881 True or False

A2 had travelled widely as a youth and had academically studied the effects of serfdom

A2 frequently took the place of his father as Tsar when he wasn't present so had a lot of previous experience

when Alexander II came to power he released some prisoners pardoned the Decemberists, relaxed censorship laws, and restored some liberties of Poland and the Catholic Church, True or False?

The Crimean War 1853 -56 had shown the economic backwardness of Russia and the need for economic reform, True or False?

The emerging Intelligentsia of the middle class argued for liberalisation meaning there was substantial need for political and moral reform but only to benefit the state overall, True or False?

particular groups such as the Nihlists e.g. Herzen and Turgenev argued that the possesion of people like cattle was inherently wrong and these groups put pressure on the regime for more liberal treatment of the serfs

the reaction of the ex- serfs ( now to be called peasants ) was of disgruntled acceptance

Many peasant were untouched by the reforms and many simply bypassed institutions and dealt with problems independently

Serfs wre generally conservative and showed polite acceptance of the regime and the possible gains of regime wre outweighd by possible punishment

There were some uprisings after the emancipation edict of 1861 fell short of expectations most notable pf these is in Bezdna, Kazan where 70 were shot dead by the military.

reform had weakend the position of the nobility however they were compensated with Government bnds for their loss of land which allowed them to pay off debt and invest in railway or industrial efforts. Also they wre compensated with ositions of power in 1863 when the prvincial government or Zemstva was set up, they also maintained the higher ranks in military battalions and electorl college highly favoured them over the peasants.

The Liberals and Intellegentsia had demand for further change as the 1863 set up of the Zemstva and the 1870 Extention of them inot cities as Dumy wasnt ebough they wanted a full national assembly. Some became anarchsists and nihlists going on to found the populist movement and others became liberals choosing to work within the Zemstva to spread ideas for change.

The populists were slavophiles, True or False?

The populists followed the idea of writers like Herzen and Chernevsky " what is to be done"

Their main technique was to go to the people and get peasants to take up the idea of revolution they launched this firstly in 1870, True or False?

During the first Go To The People movement in 1870 thousands of middle class descended upon peasant communes to encourage revolution

The first Go To The People movement in 1870 was in two waves the first middle class dressed as peasants trying to gian theor trust and in the second they posed as doctors or teachers

The first Go To The People movement in 1870 Comprehensivley failed in every possible way and the peasants even handed some of the Populists in FACT: 1876 1600 populists arrested800 of which were put on trail

The liberalisation of the press due to the lessening of censorship in 865 that allowed for court trails to be publised in the " Russia Courier" these trails just spread populist messages and in the trail of the 193, 153 were acquitted and the rest got mild sentences as the defendandts were allowed to make impassioned speeches

Overall, Populism was a failure

Land and Liberty were Slavophiles

The Land and Liberty group is made up of some of the Populists and they re-grouped in 1877

The populists thet regrouped into Land and Liberty in 1877 realised they had to target the regime instead of the peasantry

Land and Liberty assassinated several prominent Governement officials one of them being General Mezemstev, ( Head of the Third Section ) in 1878 they also sentenced the Tsar to death un-officially

The Black Partion worked peacefully spreading propaganda and creating ties with workers and students

It was led by Plekhanov , it fell after arrests in 1880-81 and collapsed as a group

The People's Will was led by Mikhailov

The Peoples Will subverted the government via assassinations and successfully assassinated the Tsar outside the Winter palace on March 13th 1881

Liberals wanted reform rather than the complete abolishment of the Tsarist regime

The Liberals wanted a representative government, Civil liberties and a constitution

The Midlle classes were too small to warrant any true political parties , but groups of liberals operated from inside the dumy and Zemstva

Most liberals were peasants

Most liberals were gentry or professionals some of which were even present in the Tsar's court e.g. G.D. Constantine, The Tsarina and the Tsar's Mistress

Thanks to censorship reforms of 1863 allowingthe publication of foreing writings in Russia, Liberal literature became widely availible which encouraged the nihlist and anarchist movements