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Explain the Transactional Model.
What three distinct parts make up the General Adaption Syndrome?
What happens during the 'alarm' part of the GAS?
What happens during the 'Resistance' part of the GAS?
What happens during the 'Exhaustion' part of the GAS?
Outline the Sympathetic-Adrenomedullary Pathway.
Outline the Hypothalamic Pituitary-Adrenal axis
What are two criticism of Seyle's work?
What is the function of the white blood cells 'Leukocytes'
What is the function of the white blood cells 'lymphocytes'?
What are the purposes of T and B cells?
What are the three forms of T cells?
How do the effects of stress on the immune system result in infection?
What is an indirect effect of stress on the immune system?
How does stress effect inflammatory disorders?
How did Laudenslager et al (1983) test response to stress?
Outline the Cohen et al's (1993) study into how general life stress effects vulnerability to the common cold virus
Outline Kiecolt-Glaser et al's (1984) study into naturalistic life stressors on measures of immune function.
What is the name of Holmes and Rahe's (1967) scale?
Outline the SRRS.
What does Kanner's Daily Hassles scale tell us about effect small, persistent stressors?
Name the four main sources of workplace stress.
Outline Evan et al's (2000) study stress and the work environment.
Outline Geer and Maisel's (1973) experiment into control and stress.
What did Steptoe (2004) find out about workload and stress?
Describe type A behavior
Describe type B behaviour
What link did Rosenman et al (1976) find between personality type and coronary heart disease?
What are some methodological issues in Rosenman's study?
Dembroski et al (1989) found that only people who exhibit negative behaviours such as chronic hostility are twice as likely to suffer CHD. What reason is suggested for this?
What are the 'three C's' in Kobasa's Hardiness questionnaire?
What does Kobasa's research tell us about type A behaviour?
What two coping strategies did Carver's COPE scale (1989) show?
Outline Problem focused coping
Outline emotion focused coping
How do the coping styles vary between genders?
Tenan et al (2000) looked at daily coping styles in patients with chronic pain. What did they find?
Outline Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
Outline Meichenbaun's Stress Inoculation Therapy (1985)
Outline Hardiness Training (Kobasa 1982)
How do Bensodiazepines work?
How do Beta Blockers work?
What are two weaknesses of drug therapy?
Outline Biofeedback
How did Sherif's (1936) study into conformity demonstrate internalization?
How did Asch (1951) show what he believed to be true conformity (going along with a group because they want to be accepted)?
Name two Ethical issues with Asch's experiment.
What % was conformity in Crutchfield's 'imagine pressure' conformity experiment?
(1955)
Why can Asch's results not be generalized?
The experiment has been replicated in 13 countries with vary results. How do Psychologists believe culture influences these results?
Eagly and Carli (1981) found that male researchers were more likely to find higher levels of conformity in women than female researchers. How did Sistrunk and McDavid explain this?
What are the three types of conformity?
Outline Zimbardo's controversial prison experiment.
What did Savin (1973) claim was an ethical issue with Zimbardo's experiment?
Haslam and Reicher replicated Zimbardo's experiment in 2002, this time 'guards' were uncomfortable exercising power and didn't form group identity. How does Zimbardo explain this?
How do Deutch and Gerard (1955) explain conformity?
What is Normative and Informational influence?
Tajfel and Turner (1979) claim that a person has a personal identity as well as multiple social identities. How do Hogg and Vaughan (2002) describe this?
What is the 'meta-contrast principle'
How did Milgram (1963) look into the 'situation determinants' of obedience.
How did institutional context effect the obedience rate in Milgram's experiment?
How did remote authority effect obedience in Milgram's experiment?
How did a peer administering the shocks effect the obedience in Milgram's experiment?
What criticism did Orne and Hollands have about Milgram's experiment?
How did Sheridan and King prove that internal validity was not affecting the participants in Milgram's experiment.
How did Hoffling prove that external validity did not affect obedience?
Explain Darley's 'moral conversion'.
How did Mandell (1998) argue that atrocities are not committed simply by following orders and that such thinking ignores important factors such as personal gain?
How did Milgram argue Darley and Mandel's criticisms?
What are some situational factors affecting obedience?
Explain what Milgram means by the 'agentic state'?
What is an example of a 'buffer'?
How did Adorno (1950) believe an 'authoritarian personality' was developed?
The Hutus and Tutis war in Rowanda is an example of what?
How does the need to be an individual affect obedience?
How did Doubman test the need to remain in control using participants with high and low needs from control?
(Influence is seen as a threat to personal freedom in people with high needs of control)
Julian Rotter's Locus of Control (1966) states that someone can have an external locus of control, and internal locus of control or fall somewhere between the two. Describe an external and internal locus.
How did Kohlberg find that moral reasoning affected obedience?
What did David Levy (1990) find made an effective dissenter?
How does Moscovici (1985) suggest minorities can be influential?
How do Hogg and Vaugh suggest that minorities can be influential? (1995)
Explain 'social cryptoamnesia'.
How did Mosovici (1969)show that consistency does have an effect on a minorities influence?
In Zimbardo's book 'The Lucifer Effect' (2007) he suggests adopting a ten step program to resist unwanted influence. What are these 10 steps?
Define ''abnormal behaviour'.
'Failure to function' is a more practical definition. Names the characteristics listed by Resennan and Seligman of abnormal behaviour.
What are some limitations of viewing behaviour as 'abnormal and/or failure to function'
In the UK African Carribean immigrants are 7x more likely to be diagnosed as schizophrenic than white people. (Cochrane 1997). It cannot be explained biologically so what could be an explanation?
What difference are there between genders, in deviation from ideal mental health?
Cochrane and Stopes-Roe (1980) found lower class was linked to higher incident of psychiatric problems. What explanations have been offered?
What is the 'Social Drift Hypothesis'?
What are some physical causes of mental disorders?
Describe Biochemistry as a cause of mental disorders.
Describe Genes as a cause for mental illness.
Name a weakness of the biological approach.
Describe the diathesis stress model.
What three main interacting parts did Freud believe personality was made up of?
The three parts of our personality can face conflict. According to Freud there are four main ways that the unconscious mind turn this conflict into an acceptable form.
Name a strength and weakness of the psycho dynamic approach.
What are the three main tyres of the behavioral approach?
Outline Watson and Rayner's conditioning of 'Little Albert'
When we perform a behaviour we receive either, positive re-reinforcement, negative reinforcement or punishment. How does Mower (1947) believe phobias can be taught this way?
What is 'vicarious reinforcement'?
(Bandura 1969)
Name two strengths of the social learning theory.
Name to weaknesses of the social learning theory.
Outline the cognitive approach which is one of the most widely used approaches.
Explain Ellis' 'irrational-emotive model'.
(ABC model)
Outline the Temple-Wisconsin study of cognitive vulnerability to depression.
Evaluate the cognitive approach.
What is the aim of psychosurgery?
Who performed the first prefrontal lobotomy, a procedure which killed 6% of patients and caused adverse changes in personality and social functioning?
Who invented the ice pick lobotomy?
How is psychosurgery carried out today?
Name a two weaknesses of psychosurgery.
In 1933 a diabetic schizophrenic was accidentally given an overdose of insulin, causing a hypoglycemic seizure. Once he recovered his schizophrenia had improved. Which therapy did this lead to?
How was ECT dangerous when first invented?
How is ECT used more safely today?
Name two weaknesses of ECT as a treatment for depression.
How do anti-depressants work?
How do anti-psychotics (major tranquilisers) work?
Why is clozapine often used to treat schizophrena instead of chorpromazine?
What was Freud's goal when using psychodynamic therapies?
List four classical psychoanalysis techniques.
What is free association in psychoanalysis?
What are some weaknesses to psychoanalysis?
When is Rorschach's inkblot test used?
(1992)
Outline systematic desensitisation.
Outline flooding.
Outline Wolpe's example of flooding.
(1960)
Outline Systematic Desensitisation step by step using a phobia of dogs as an example.
Outline Aversion Therapy using an alcohol addiction as an example.
Why does aversion therapy not always work with addictions. (alcohol)
Outline Ayllon and Azrin's token economy
Paul and Lents (1977) used a token economy paired with social learning (patients saw other patients rewarded for certain behaviours). What did they find?
What are two weakness to the token economy?
Outline rational emotive behavioural therapy
(Ellis 1962)
Outline Beck et al's cognitive reconstructuring therapy
(1979)
