Which of the following is not a pattern of cell death in tissues?
fibrinoid necrosis
fat necrosis
coagulative necrosis
contracture necrosis
Compare acute cell injury with cellular adaptations.
Cellular adaptations develop over a brief period of time and are reversible
Acute cell injury can be manifested as reversible cell swelling
Acute cell injury can be manifested as irreversible necrosis
What is lipofuscin?
Blue-pigmented cytoplasmic inclusions in stressed cells
A lipid-containing residual body of autophagy
An irreversible "wear and tear" pigment
A product of cells undergoing decreased cell turnover
Metatstatic calcification is due to precipitation of calcium at sites of cell/tissue injury
Which of the following mechanisms explains the pathogenesis of alcohol-induced fatty liver?
Increased delivery of free fatty acids
Increased lipogenesis
Decreased apoprotein synthesis for triglyceride export
Increased utilization of triglycerides and oxidation of fatty acids
Metaplasia can be characterized by which of the following?
One adult cell type being replaced by another through chronic injury
Irreversible change in cells/tissue
Decreased risk of malignancy/neoplasia
Increase in cell number
Which is an example of physiologic apoptosis?
Formation of the esophageal lumen
Syndactyly
Muscular dystrophy
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Apoptosis can result from endogenous OR exogenous causes
In a Masson Trichrome stain
Nucleic acids stain dark blue
Connective tissue stains blue
Proteins stain light purple
Which of the following would you expect to see in necrosis?
A rounded up, fragmented cell morphology
Phagocytosis by neutrophils
Phagocytosis by macrophages and nonprofessional macrophages
Functionally intact cell membrane
You are examining the tissue of a patient who had a subarachnoid hemorrhage. When looking at the brain tissue microscopically, what would you expect to observe in the area of hemorrhage?
Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis
Hemosiderosis
Steatosis
Anthracosis
At what point in cell injury would you expect to observe hydropic change of the cell?
< 10 minutes
10-15 minutes
15-60 minutes
4-8 hours
You know that irreversible cell injury is often characterized by nuclear changes. Which of the nuclear changes describes pyknosis?
Fragmentation of the nucleus into dense basophilic fragments ("nuclear debris")
Dissolution of nuclear fragments
Condensation of chromatin
Dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum
In coagulative necrosis, the shapes of cells and tissues change dramatically, but the nuclei/organelles are intact.
Where would you expect to see liquefactive necrosis most often?
Brain
Lungs
Abscesses
GI tract
Your patient's cells and tissues demonstrate obvious enzymatic necrosis. You immediately know the condition that (likely) caused this is:
COVID
Acute pancreatitis
Myocardial infarction
Hypercalcemia
What is the most common cause of caseous necrosis?
Dry gangrene
Wet gangrene
Mycobacteria tuberculosis
Eating too much cottage cheese
Fibrinoid necrosis is caused by injury to vessel walls that causes leakage of protein and fibrin from the circulation that becomes entrapped. Which vascular injury might cause this type of necrosis?
Immune-complex associated vasculitis
Accelerated HTN
HTN that has slowly developed over 20 years
Excessive scarring
What is a heterophagosome?
A secondary lysosome involved in digestion of a cell's own organelles
A primary lysosome fused with absorptive vesicles originating from the plasma membrane
A small vesicle budding from enzymes on the lateral side of the Golgi apparatus
In your elective oncology rotation, a patient presents with multiple calcified breast tumors. You know this to be a result of metastatic calcification.
Upon histological examination, tissue cells demonstrate what looks like "nuclear dust". This is characteristic of
karyorrhexis
karyolysis
karyogram
pyknosis
In response to ❌, columnar epithelial cells of the bronchial epithelium undergo squamous ❌. Smoking-induced metaplasia may lead to bronchial squamous cell ❌.
