NMS Semester 2 Set 1 Quiz - The brain, hearing, taste and olfaction.

Frage 1 von 41

1

What is a function of the frontal lobe?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Personality
Visual processing
Sensory analysis
Memory

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Frage 2 von 41

1

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Personality
Visual processing
Memory
Sensory analysis

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Frage 3 von 41

1

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Personality
Memory
Visual processing
Sensory analysis

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Frage 4 von 41

1

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Sensory analysis
Memory
Visual processing
Personality

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Frage 5 von 41

1

What is the function of the pyramidal decussation?

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It supplies motor fibres to the rest of the body
It connects the cerebellum to the rest of the CNS
It is part of the ventricular system that produces CSF

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Frage 6 von 41

1

The cerebellar penduncles are the linkage between the cerebellum and the rest of the CNS

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Frage 7 von 41

1

What structures are supplied by the anterior cerebral artery?

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe

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Frage 8 von 41

1

What structures are supplied by the middle cerebral artery?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

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Frage 9 von 41

1

What structures are supplied by the posterior cerebral artery?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

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Frage 10 von 41

1

99.9% of sound would be lost without the middle ear ossicles that convert air to fluid energy.

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Frage 11 von 41

1

Three tiny muscles attach to the middle ear ossicles to dampen the sound produced by your own body.

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Frage 12 von 41

1

The high surface area of the tympanic membrane gives it high sensitivity so small sounds can be detected.

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Frage 13 von 41

1

What is the correct process in which sound is perceived?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Conduction of soundwave from oval window -> Moves back and dissipates and wobbles the basilar membrane located in the cochlear -> deflects stereocilia that have mechanically gated K+ channels at the tip -> opens them and this causes depolarisation -> Ca2+ entry due to VG Ca2+ opening upon depolarisation -> causes NT release and action potential in sensory neuron -> stereocilia move back to original place after sound has dissipated.
Conduction of soundwave from oval window -> Moves back and dissipates and wobbles the basilar membrane located in the cochlear -> deflects stereocilia that have mechanically gated K+ channels at the tip -> opens them and this causes repolarisation -> Ca2+ entry due to VG Ca2+ opening upon repolarisation -> causes NT release and action potential in sensory neuron -> stereocilia move back to original place after sound has dissipated.
Conduction of soundwave from oral window -> Moves back and dissipates and wobbles the basilar membrane located in the cochlear -> deflects stereocilia that have mechanically gated K+ channels at the tip -> opens them and this causes depolarisation -> Ca2+ entry due to VG Ca2+ opening upon depolarisation -> causes NT release and action potential in sensory neuron -> stereocilia move back to original place after sound has dissipated.

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Frage 14 von 41

1

Which area of the cochlea/basilar membrane are receptive to high and low frequency sounds?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

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Frage 15 von 41

1

Why are lower frequency sounds detected further along the length of the cochlea?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

The basilar membrane is narrow and stiff at the base and wide and floppy at the apex and therefore low energy sounds wobble the apex which is picked up by the brain as a low frequency sound.
The basilar membrane is wide and floppy at the base and narrow and stiff at the apex and therefore high energy sounds such as those that are low frequency wobble the apex which is picked up by the brain as a low frequency sound.
Low frequency sounds have higher energy and travel further along the basilar membrane. This causes deflection of the stereocilia further along the length of the cochlea and therefore detection of low frequency sounds.

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Frage 16 von 41

1

Are inner hair cells myelinated or unmyelinated? What is the benefit of this?

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

Myelinated
Unmyelinated
Conduction to the brain is faster
Conduction to the brain is slowed and has enough time to process the information

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Frage 17 von 41

1

What is the route of transmission of hearing to the brain?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Spiral ganglion -> ventral cochlear nucleus (the "splitter") -> inferior colliculus -> medial geniculate nucleus -> Auditory cortex
Spiral ganglion -> ventral cochlear nucleus (the "splitter") -> inferior colliculus -> medial geniculate nucleus -> Visual cortex
Spiral ganglion -> ventral cochlear nucleus (the "splitter") -> inferior colliculus -> lateral geniculate nucleus -> Auditory cortex

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Frage 18 von 41

1

How can the brain cause descending influence to dampen hearing?

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

Attenuation reflex (two tiny muscles)
Alter sensitivity of outer hair cells
Thicken the tympanic membrane
Contract the cochlear to reduce basilar membrane wobble

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Frage 19 von 41

1

What is conductive deafness?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Problem with the ossicles of the middle ear
Damaged hair cells that cannot perceive sound anymore
A problem with higher brain centres like the auditory cortex

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Frage 20 von 41

1

What is sensorineural deafness?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Problem with the ossicles of the middle ear
Damage to the hair cells
A problem with higher brain centres like the auditory cortex

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Frage 21 von 41

1

What is central deafness?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Problems with the ossicles in the middle ear
Damage to the hair cells
Problems with higher brain centres such as the auditory cortex

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Frage 22 von 41

1

A cochleal implant effectively emulates the basilar membrane. Low frequency sounds travel further along the implant wiring and high frequency sounds travel a shorter distance and this input can be directly linked to the auditory nerve to stimulate it.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

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Frage 23 von 41

1

Taste cells are sensory neurons.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

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Frage 24 von 41

1

Salt is detected via gated Na+ channels.

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Frage 25 von 41

1

Upon activation, sour detectors (PKD2L1 and PKD1L3) are depolarised and cause Ca2+ entry etc.

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Frage 26 von 41

1

What tastes are detected by the activation of G-protein coupled receptors?

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

Salt
Sour
Umami
Bitter
Sweet

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Frage 27 von 41

1

What is the mechanism by which sweet, umami and bitter tastes are detected?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Receptor activated -> associated heterotrimeric complex alpha sub unit activated -> activates phospholipase-c-beta2 -> PLC-b2 activates IP3 -> IP3 activates TRPM -> Ca2+ influx -> neurotransmitter release -> sensory neurone excitation -> AP
Receptor activated -> associated heterotrimeric complex beta sub unit activated -> activates phospholipase-c-beta2 -> PLC-b2 activates IP3 -> IP3 activates TRPM -> Ca2+ influx -> neurotransmitter release -> sensory neurone excitation -> AP
Receptor activated -> associated heterodimeric complex alpha sub unit activated -> activates phospholipase-c-beta2 -> PLC-b2 activates IP3 -> IP3 activates TRPM -> Ca2+ influx -> neurotransmitter release -> sensory neurone excitation -> AP
Receptor activated -> associated heterodimeric complex beta sub unit activated -> activates phospholipase-c-beta2 -> PLC-b2 activates IP3 -> IP3 activates TRPM -> Ca2+ influx -> neurotransmitter release -> sensory neurone excitation -> AP

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Frage 28 von 41

1

Which taste receptor is constant for sweet and umami (NOT PRESENT IN BITTER!)?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

T1R3
T2R
T1R1
T1R2

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Frage 29 von 41

1

Which taste receptor is variable for sweet?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

T1R2
T2R
T1R1
T1R3

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Frage 30 von 41

1

Which taste receptor is variable for umami?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

T1R1
T1R2
T2R
T1R3

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Frage 31 von 41

1

Which taste receptor is variable for bitter?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

T2R
T1R3
T1R2
T1R1

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Frage 32 von 41

1

Each taste cell can detect multiple types of taste.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

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Frage 33 von 41

1

Where does taste information go to in the CNS?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Primary gustatory cortex
Pre-frontal gustatory cortex
Frontal cortex
Hippocampus

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Frage 34 von 41

1

Olfaction is more sensitive than taste.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

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Frage 35 von 41

1

What is the mechanism of olfaction?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Odorant binds -> alpha subunit of heterotrimeric complex activated -> alpha subunit activates adenylyl cyclase -> adenylyl cyclase activates Na+/Ca2+ symporter. Na+ helps with depol and Ca2+ helps with NT release -> Ca2+ activates calcium activated Cl- channel and Cl- is extruded causing further depolarisation.
Odorant binds -> beta subunit of heterotrimeric complex activated -> alpha subunit activates adenylyl cyclase -> adenylyl cyclase activates Na+/Ca2+ symporter. Na+ helps with depol and Ca2+ helps with NT release -> Ca2+ activates calcium activated Cl- channel and Cl- is extruded causing further depolarisation.
Odorant binds -> alpha subunit of heterodimeric complex activated -> alpha subunit activates adenylyl cyclase -> adenylyl cyclase activates Na+/Ca2+ symporter. Na+ helps with depol and Ca2+ helps with NT release -> Ca2+ activates calcium activated Cl- channel and Cl- is extruded causing further depolarisation.
Odorant binds -> beta subunit of heterodimeric complex activated -> alpha subunit activates adenylyl cyclase -> adenylyl cyclase activates Na+/Ca2+ symporter. Na+ helps with depol and Ca2+ helps with NT release -> Ca2+ activates calcium activated Cl- channel and Cl- is extruded causing further depolarisation.

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Frage 36 von 41

1

Olfactory cells can only be stimulated by one type of odorant each.

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Frage 37 von 41

1

Olfactory cells of the same type converge into a common glomerulus where signals are then carried via the olfactory tract to the brain.

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Frage 38 von 41

1

Olfactory cells are neurones

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Frage 39 von 41

1

What three areas of the brain detect smell?

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

Pre-frontal cortex
Orbitofrontal cortex
Olfactory cortex
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

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Frage 40 von 41

1

Detection of specific odorants requires specific coordination of neurons in the brain which produces smell profiles.

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Frage 41 von 41

1

The brain never considers taste and smell when trying to fine tune the two senses.

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