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The use of atypical antipsychotic or second-generation antipsychotic medications in children, adolescents and adults is associated with a number of side effect issues. Which of the following is of most concern for the physical well-being of those so treated
Sweatiness
Sleepiness
Constipation
Dry mouth and blurred vision
Significant weight gain
: In the treatment of major depression in adolescents many of the drugs come with a so-called “black box” warning. What does this mean in practical terms?
The drugs are ineffective in children
The drugs have been associated with an increase in suicidal ideation
The side effects are more severe in adolescents than in adults
The drugs cause sleep disturbance
: In treating bipolar disorder which of the following classes of agents is most likely to be prescribed?
Anticonvulsant agents
Stimulants
Benzodiazepines
Atomoxetine
Antidepressants
Among the various classes of medication used to treat major depression in adolescents and adults agents from which general class are most likely to be used as a drug of first choice?
Tricyclic antidepressants (for example imipramine)
SNRIs (venlafaxine for example)
SSRIs (e.g., Fluoxetine)
Atypical antipsychotic (olanzapine for example)
Benzodiazepine (diazepam for example)
Most textbooks would suggest that antidepressant drugs exert their therapeutic effects when?
Immediately
After two to three days
Only at the recommended doses
Provided there are no co-morbid somatic illnesses
Within two to four weeks with optimal benefits after six to eight weeks
In the treatment of Bipolar Disorder there are several alternatives to the use of lithium as a prophylactic agent. From among the following which agents have been used in clinical practice?
Some atypical antipsychotics
Some anticonvulsant medications
Antidepressants and some atypical antipsychotics
Some atypical antipsychotics and Some anticonvulsant medications
In the treatment of bipolar disorder lithium salts are frequently used. It is described as having a narrow therapeutic index. What does this mean?
Lithium is not safe for use
There is a wide gap between toxic and therapeutic doses of the drug
Blood levels need monitoring to check that concentrations are within the therapeutic range
The drug should only be administered to men
Lithium is not useful in any other disorder
The use of anticonvulsant drugs to treat bipolar disorder is associated with a number of side effects. The most serious, indeed life threatening, of these is:
Alopecia
Leukopenia
Rash
Stevens –Johnson syndrome
Blurred vision.
In recent years the so called “atypical” or second generation antipsychotic drugs have been introduced for the treatment of schizophrenia. Which statement best characterises the difference between typical or first generation and atypical antipsychotic medications?
Atypicals are characterised by less EPS symptoms and little or no tardive dyskinseia
Atypical antipsychotic drugs are not as effective as typicals
Typical antipsychotic drugs never cause Parkinson like symptoms
Typical antipsychotic drugs do not affect the secretion of prolactin
Atypical antipsychotic drugs do not affect dopamine D2 receptors
Venlafaxine, duloxetine and desvenlafaxine are all antidepressant medications from the same general class of agents. To which class of agent are they usually considered to belong?
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Dual acting agents or SNRIs
Weak antidepressants
Herbs and antioxidants
Tricyclic antidepressants
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as fluoxetine are effective treatments for major depression. When first administered they can cause a number of side effects. Which of the following effects may cause the drug to be stopped due to an association with increased suicidal ideation, especially in adolescents?
Orthostatic hypotension
Lower toxicity in overdose
Fewer sexual side effects than tricyclic antidepressants
Transient increase in agitation and anxiety (akathisia)
Haematological disorders
For antidepressants of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor type which of the following statements is true?
Are associated with a so called ‘cheese effect
Are not as effective as other antidepressant medications
Are not associated with an effect on blood pressure
Work more rapidly than tricyclic antidepressants
Accelerate the breakdown of monoamines in the brain
Dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention are frequently observed in patients receiving tricyclic antidepressants. This constellation of symptoms is referred to as:
Adrenergic syndrome
Antihistamine effects
Beta blockade
“Cheese effect”
Anticholinergic symptoms
Bipolar disorder is often treated with atypical antipsychotics or second-generation antipsychotic medications. Associated with their use are a number of side effects. Which of the following is of most concern for the physical well-being of those so treated?
Sexual dysfunction in men and women is increasingly recognised as a side effect of the administration of which of the following classes of antidepressants?
All classes have been implicated.
SNRIS
MAOIS
SSRIS
Bipolar disorder is conceptualised as having three separate phases each often requiring different pharmacological management strategies. In an acute manic phase which medication is most likely to be chosen as a first option?
Dexamphetamine.
Antidepressant.
Atypical antipsychotic.
Zopiclone.
Beta-blocker.
A goal of maintenance treatment in bipolar disorder is to stabilise mood. For this purpose a prophylactic agent is likely to be chosen. Which of the following medications has mood stabilizing properties?
Amphetamine.
Diazepam.
Sertraline.
Lithium.
Tetrahydrocannabinol.
What is regarded as the main pathological feature leading to the development of Alzheimer’s dementia?
Presence of plaques and tangles in the cells of the brain
Changes in brain volume
Structural changes in synapses of the brain
Loss of brain connectivity
Changes in the olfactory system
Many drugs have effects on the central nervous system resulting in the alleviation of anxiety. Which of the following drugs is used predominantly as an antianxiety agent?
Amphetamine
Cocaine
Diazepam
Haloperidol
L-DOPA
: In the cannabis plant (cannabis sativa) the flowering tops contain the highest concentration of the active ingredient. What is the active ingredient responsible for its psychological effects?
morphine
nicotine
Δ-9 tetra-hydrocannabinol
mescaline
adrenaline
Stimulant medications are most likely to be prescribed to children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders (ADHD) to control their symptoms. Which of the following medications would be classified as stimulants?
Clonidine
Fluoxetine
Dexamphetamine
Clozapine
The use of stimulants in the treatment of children with ADHD is associated with the emergence of some side effects. Which of the following are side effects of typical stimulant agents?
Weight loss
Sleep disturbances
Jitteriness
All are potential side effects of stimulants
None of these
Benzodiazepines are a group of medications usually used in the treatment of anxiety disorders or insomnia. They are less likely to be used clinically nowadays because they are associated with some potentially significant effects. Which of the following choices is best describes the concerns with benzodiazepines?
Psycho-motor performance impairment
Withdrawal syndrome on abrupt discontinuation
Cognitive impairment
All listed
The condition of ADHD is associated with some abnormal findings in brain circuits on neuroimaging. The circuits identified use certain neurotransmitters for communication between neurons. The involvement of these neurotransmitters has been used as the basis for prescribing medications. Which of the following neurotransmitters has most closely been associated with ADHD?
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Glutamate
Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)
Serotonin
Alzheimer disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder involving the loss of neurones within the brain. One strategy for the restoration of cognitive performance has been to use drugs affecting which specific neurotransmitter?
Glycine
GABA