What is the name for the "great chain of being"

• Human Naturae

• Hierarchy of needs

• Scala naturae

• ur mom

In which order are the stages of prenatal development?

• The germinal period, the period of the embryo, the period of the foetus

• The germinal period, the period of the foetus, the period of the embryo

• The period of the embryo, the period of the foetus, the germinal period

In which order are the stages of prenatal development? (detailed)

• Sperm cell fertilizes egg in fallopian tube --> fuses to form zygote --> blastocyst --> blastocyst implants to wall of uterus --> stem cells --> multiplies forming a morula --> cell differentiation --> responds to different types of stimulation

• Sperm cell fertilizes egg in fallopian tube --> fuses to form zygote --> multiplies forming a morula --> stem cells --> blastocyst --> blastocyst implants to wall of uterus --> cell differentiation --> responds to different types of stimulation

What is a teratogen?

• A type of differentiated cell

• A substance that causes birth defects

• A made up object name used in language learning studies

• A deformed embryo

What drug developed in 1954 caused birth defects in 2,000 cases in the UK?

• Thalodine

• Tetarogen

• Thalidomide

• Dethalomide

Endothermy means

• "cold-blooded"

• "warm-blooded"

• "sensitive nerve endings"

• "evil"

Synaptogenesis is

• The breakdown of connections between neurons

• The formation of new connections between neurons

• The formation of new neurons

The realisation that all sets of N objects have something in common is known as...

• Subitising

• numerical equality

• numerical inequality

• counting commonalities

At what age to infants appear to have a sense of numerical equality?

• 5 months

• 6 months

• 1 year

• 2 years

After what age to infants show precise representation of sets of objects larger than 3?

• 1-2 years

• 2-3 years

• 3-4 years

• 4-5 years

In some experiments, infants show surprise when objects are added or subtracted behind a screen. This is known as the...

• Violation of expectancy paradigm

• Theory of Mind

• Violation of norms paradigm

• Scale Error

What is subitizing?

• The process of counting a group of objects

• The process of learning an object name as it is the only object in that group that does not already have a known label

• The process by which adults and children can look at a few objects and almost immediately know how many objects are present

• The process of estimating the size of a group

At 6 months, what size ratios can children understand?

• 2:1

• 2:3

• 2:5

• 2:7

By what age can most children count to 10?

• 2

• 3

• 4

• 5

Which is NOT true about children's counting strategy choice?

• At any one age, children use multiple strategies

• Age and experience leads to children relying on most advanced/accurate strategies

• "Min" strategy involves adding 2 numbers by starting at the larger of the 2 to save mental effort

• Siegler and Jenkins (1989) found that kids often attempted strategies that violated the principles of addition

Which is NOT one of the three types of variability in problem solving proposed by Siegler?

• Between individuals on related problems

• Within an individual on related problems

• Within an individual on the same problem twice

• Within a single trial

What has been argued to be at the heart of language and cognitive development?

• Infant Categorisation

• Infant Face Perception

• Infant Gender Development

• Infant Moral Development

What does Quinn (2003) say categorisation is?

• When observers respond in a different manner to equivalent stimuli

• When observers respond in an equivalent manner to descriminably different stimuli

• When observers respond in an equivalent manner to equivalent stimuli

• When observers give all objects in a category the same name

Which of these is a benefit of categorisation?

• Efificient processing

• Ease of encoding/retrieval

• Structure for language

• Knowledge of new exemplars

• All of the above

Which of the following stimulus groups have infants not been found to categorise?

• Colour (Franklin & Davies 2004)

• Speech (Elmas et al 1971)

• Spatial relations (Quinn 1994)

• Potatoes (Farmer 1985)

• Faces (Ramsey et al 2004)

• Animals (Quinn et al 1993)

Showing an infant something repeatedly until their looking decreases, then showing them something novel and seeing if their interest reinstates, is using which method?

• Habituation & Novelty preference

• Generalised Imitation

• Sequential Touching

• Mobile Contingency/Conditioned Leg Kicking

Method particularly important for older children where children are shown a model animal or vehicle and a given action e.g. dog sips from cup, and test child's generalisation of the action?

• Habituation & Novelty preference

• Generalised Imitation

• Sequential Touching

• Mobile contingency/conditioned leg kicking

Method involving analysing the order in which stimuli are touched and played with?

• Habituation & Novelty Preference

• Generalised Imitation

• Sequential touching

• Mobile Contingency / Conditioned Leg Kicking

Method which involves measuring baseline kicking with a ribbon attached to baby's foot, and then attaching ribbon to mobile so that infant kicking activates it.

• Habituation & Novelty Preference

• Generalised Imitation

• Sequential Touching

• Mobile contingency / Conditioned Leg Kicking

Which hypothesis of pubertal timing states that intrinsic stress of pubertal change will cause distress during the period of most rapid change?

• Stressful change hypothesis (Simmons & Blyth 1987)

• Off time hypothesis (Livson & Peskin, 1980)

• Early timing hypothesis (Stattin & Magnusson, 1990)

Which hypothesis of pubertal timing states that events which are encountered earlier than expected will lead to distress?

• Stressful change hypothesis (Simmons & Blyth, 1987)

• Off time hypothesis (Livson & Peskin, 1980)

• Early timing hypothesis (Stattin and Magnusson, 1990)

Which hypothesis of pubertal timing states that early development (especially in girls) will lead to distress?

• Stressful change hypothesis (Simmons & Blyth, 1987)

• Off time hypothesis (Livson & Peskin 1980)

• Early-timing hypothesis (Stattin and Magnusson, 1990)

Research by Capsi and Moffitt (1991) into predicting girls' behavioural problems from the age of menarche supports which pubertal timing hypothesis?

• Stressful change hypothesis (Simmons & Blyth 1987)

• Off time hypothesis (Livson & Peskin 1980)

• Early-timing hypothesis (Stattin and Magnusson, 1990)

Which of Marcia's 4 identity statuses regards individuals who after a period of exploration emerge with firm identity commitments?

• Identity achievement

• Moratorium

• Foreclosure

• Identity diffusion

Which of Marcia's 4 identity statuses regards the active period of exploration when individuals examine alternatives in an attempt to arrive at a choice?

• Identity achievement

• Moratorium

• Foreclosure

• Identity Diffusion

Which of Marcia's 4 identity statuses regards individuals who have adopted the identities prescribed to them without ever exploring options or experiencing an identity crisis?

• Identity achievement

• Moratorium

• Foreclosure

• Identity diffusion

Which of Marcia's 4 identity statuses regards individuals who have little sense of commitment and are not actively seeking to make decisions?

• Identity Achievement

• Moratorium

• Foreclosure

• Identity diffusion

Which statement about parental influences on identity development is NOT true?

• Attachment with freedom to voice opinions --> achievement / moratorium

• Overly close bonds without separation --> foreclosure

• Low warmth with open communication --> diffusion

• High warmth but low communication --> achievement

Which description is NOT one of the 3-way typology of children proposed by Thomas and Chess in their Pediatric approach?

• Easy:
  - applies to 40% of infants
  - Regular routines, positive in terms of approaching new situations, adaptable, happy, not too intense in reactivity

• Difficult:
  - About 10% of infants
  - Opposite of easy

• Slow-to-warm-up:
  - About 15% of infants
  - Find change tricky, wary of new situations and new people, negative reaction to these kinds of changes and tend to not be so positive or vibrant in their mood

• Slow-to-cool-down:
  - About 5% of infants
  - Find change tricky, almost never have naps, very active, anger issues

What are the two defining characteristics of the Personality Tradition approach to child temperament? (Buss and Plomin)

• Traits are genetic in origin and appear in infancy

• Traits are genetic in origin and appear in adolescence

• Traits are a product of the environment and appear in infancy

• Traits are a product of the environment and appear in adolescence

Which is NOT a constituent of the personality tradition approach to child temperament? (Buss and Plomin)

• Emotionality

• Activity

• Sociability

• Irritability

Korn's (1984) study into the stability of temperament using an extension of THomas and Chess's NY longitudinal study into adulthood found...

• A moderate prediction of "difficulty" from age 3-4 to adulthood (r=.31 and .37) and a substantial prediction of difficulty from adolescence to adulthood (r=.62)

• A substantial prediction of difficulty from age 3-4 to adulthood (r=.62) and a moderate prediction of difficulty from adolescence to adulthood (r=.31, r=.37)

• Inconclusive results

The bias caused by the fact that parents know their children so well and so may report larger differences between their twins' temperaments is known as...

• Rating bias

• Attachment bias

• Heritability Bias

• Parent Bias

In Thomas and Chess's goodness/poorness of fit concept, what leads to a "goodness of fit"?

• When child's capacities, motivations and temperament are adequate to master the demands, expectations and opportunities of the environment

• When child's characteristics are inadequate to master the challenges of the environment, and this leads to maladaptive functioning and distorted development

Younger (1990) found evidence for which aspect of infant categorisation?

• Focus on certain features

• Correlate features

• Feature distributions

• Prototype formation

Younger (1990) found that infants classify unseen prototypes as category members more than a familiar, less typical example. This is an example of...

• Prototype formation

• Focus on certain features

• Correlating features

• Feature distributions

The temperamental compnonent that is predictive of attachment security is...

• Negative reactivity

• Positive reactivity

• Event related potential

• Maternal sensitivity

Who found the following?:
- Intensive study of 49 families at 6,9,12 months on 24 occasions
- At 6 months, maternal sensitivity correlated .30 w/ Q sort security, but at 9 months was .20 (ns)
- Observer temperament and mother's report of difficulty were moderately associated with secuirty at 6/9/12 months
- Maternal sensitivity no longer predicted attachment security after temperament was accounted for

• Siefer et al (1996)

• van de Boom (1994)

Who found the following?
- Intervention study of 100 "irritable" first born infants
- At 9 months, intervention group mothers were more responsive, stimulating, visually attentive & controlling of their infants' behaviour
- Infant temperament had also changed. Infants became more sociable, self-soothing, more exploration, less crying than controls

• van de Boom (1994)

• Siefer (1996)

What is one important limitation of van de Boom (1994)'s study into maternal sensitivty and child temperament?

• When parenting in a stressful, economically deprived circumstance, having somebody come and talk to you for a few hours could make a really big difference. Therefore maternal sensitivty could have been compounded by social support.

• The sample size wasn't large enough

• Mother's ratings of child temperament may have been subjective as they know their children better than other children

What was NOT a key finding of Prior (1992) regarding child temperament and adjustment?

• Relationships between temperament and adjustment are generally moderate in strength; prediction from infancy is weak, increasing by early childhood

• Difficult and active babies are at increased risk for colic, sleep problems, excessive crying and abdominal pain

• Temperamental difficulty is associated with both externalising and internalising problems

• Temperament may be as important as maternal sensitivity in predicting attachment security

What did Capsi et al (1995) in their study on temperament and behaviour problems find to be the best predictor of behavioural problems? (especially externalising problems)

• Lack of control

• Approach

• Sluggishness

Which is NOT true about Mischel, Shoda and Rodriguez' (!989) study into delayed gratification?

• Tests of delayed gratification in preschool reveal important individual differences

• By asolescence, preschoolers able to delay gratification were less socially and economically competent

• The ability to delay gratification even predicted goal-setting when ppts reached their early 30s

In which culture did DeVries (!984) find babies to hold an evolutionary advantage under harsh drought conditions?

• Maasai

• Ashanti

• Bobo

• Mandika

The process of the eyes following a movement and at a certain point snapping back is known as the...

• OKN repsonse

• KON response

• NKO response

• ONK response

Which method of measuring infant visual acuity involves recording neural activity from scalp using electrodes, in response to a checkerboard pattern getting smaller and smaller?

• OKN method

• Visual Evoked Potentials

• Event related potentials

• MRI scan

Which model of face perception suggests that it is an innate mechanism which is not dependant on experience, and that it directs attention to stimuli with face-like configurations, locking you onto a face?

• CONSPEC system

• CONLERN system

• OKN system

Which system of face perception is cortical and enables you to learn from faces? i.e. is dependant on experience

• CONSPEC system

• CONLERN system

• OKN system

Maci et al (2004) found that infants have non-specific biases to look at which type of stimuli?

• Top-heavy

• Bottom-heavy

• Symmetrical

• Inverted

What has NOT been found about newborn's preference for mother's face?

• Newborns look longer at mother's than stranger's face even if mother is not talking to baby at the time (Field et al 1984)

• Newborns look longer at mother's than stranger's face even if olfactory cues are masked (Bushnell et al 1989)

• Newborns look longer at mother's than stranger's face even if they are shown a video of it (Walton et al 1992)

• Newborns look longer at mother's than stranger's face even if a man in drag is standing next to her dressed in her clothes (Tranny et al 1995)

Which is NOT true about Sugita (2008,2009)'s studies into face exposure in monkeys?

• It found that face deprived monkeys look longer at human and monkey faces than objects

• It found that face deprived monkeys can discriminate human and monkey faces using features or configural properties

• It found that control group monkeys who have not been face deprived only look longger at monkey faces than objects, and can only discriminate monkey faces

• It found that after exposure to either a human or monkey face for 1 month, monkeys prefered the species of the face they were NOT exposed to

• It found that after exposure to either a human or monkey face for 1 month, monkeys can only discriminate the species of the face they were exposed to

• It found that after a year of seeing both human and monkey faces, monkeys preferred the species of face initially exposed to

• It found that after a year of seeing both human and monkey faces, monkeys could only discriminate the species of face they were initially exposed to

Langlois et al (1990) found that attractiveness effects social interaction at 12 months. Compared to the unattractive mask condition, the attractive mask makes infants....

• Play less with stranger

• Use greater affective tone

• Exhibit more withdrawal

What is one criticism of Langlois et al (1990)'s study into how attractiveness effect social interaction?

• The mother is in the room at the time, so children could have been using social referencing

• The mother is in the room at the time, so children could have been using subitizing

• The mother is in the room at the time, so children could have been using mirroring

• The mother is in the room at the time, so children could have been using scaffolding

Walker-Andrews et al found that infants looked longer at emotionally congruent stimuli (happy face with happy voice etc). This is suggestive of the fact that...

• Infants have an understanding of emotion

• Infants have preference for happy over angry faces

• Infants have own race bias

• Infants prefer symmetry

Which of the following was one of the ways in which infants showed appropriate behaviours in response to facial expressions in the study by Serrano et al (1995)

• Approach movement (head, trunk, limbs move towards face) & smiling if happy face

• Avoidance behaviour (head, trunk, limbs, move towards chair) & frowning & protruding lips if angry face

• No response if neutral face

• All of the above

Which component of variance influences genetic factors?

• Heritability (A, h^2)

• Shared environment (C, c^2)

• Non shared environment (E, e^2)

Which component of variance encompasses any environmental influences which contribute to the similarity between co-twins?

• Heritability (A, h^2)

• Shared environment (C, c^2)

• Non-shared environment (E, e^2)

Which component of genetic variance encompasses any aspect of environmental influence than makes co-twins different from each other?

• Heritability (A, h^2)

• Shared environment (C, c^2)

• Non-shared environment (E, e^2)

What is the formula used to calculate heritability?

• = 2(rMz - rDz)

• =rMz-h^2

• =1-rMZ

• = h^2 + c^2 + e^2

What is the formula used to calculate shared environment?

• = 2(rMz - rDz)

• = rMz - h^2

• = 1 - rMz

• = h^2 + c^2 + e^2

What is the formula used to calculate non-shared environment?

• = 2(rMz - rDz)

• = rMz-h^2

• = 1 - rMz

• = h^2 + c^2 + e^2

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

• For weight, heritability increases over time and shared environment decreases over time

• The heritability of weight increases from ~0% in infancy to ~75% in later adulthood

• For intelligence, heritability decreases and shared environment increases over time

• The heritability of intelligence increases from ~20% in infancy to ~80% in later adulthood

Which of the following is a hypothesis regarding potential reasons for increasing heritability / decreasing enivronmental effects of traits such as weight and intelligence?

• Role of specific genes may increase with age, or new genes may come into play at stages of development

• People choose their environment and are more in control of their environment in older age

• Both of the above

What is the name for the co-occurance of 2 disablities/disorders?

• Comorbidity

• Codisorder

• Cominority

• Congeniality

Which statement about genetic variation is FALSE?

• Genetic variation contributes to individual differences in behavioural traits

• The human genome is built with 3 billion base pairs

• More than 99% of the DNA sequence is the same for everybody

• Only 1% of the DNA sequence is variable

• There is not a lot of variability in humans' genetic make-up

Genetic ___________: the genetic effect of a single gene on multiple phenotypic traits

• Pleiotropy

• Phenotripy

• Plasticity

• Plurality

Which hypothesis of polygenic traits states that in rare cases, one gene causes a disorder (only in about 1% of cases)

• One gene, one disorder hypothesis

• Quantitative loci hypothesis

Which hypothesis of polygenic traits states that many genes with variations come together, and that a combination of these causes mental retardation?

• One gene, one disorder hypothesis

• Quantitative loci hypothesis

What is the name of Aristotle's theory that suggests prenatal development begins as animals further down the chain of being e.g. "fish like" stage?

• Recapitulation theory

• Reciprocal theory

• Reiteration theory

• Re-enactment Theory

Which type of differentiated cell makes up the nervous system, teeth, fingernails etc?

• Ectoderm

• Mesoderm

• Endoderm

Which type of differentiated cell makes up muscles, bones, circulatory system, inner surface of skin?

• Ectoderm

• Mesoderm

• Endoderm

Which type of differentiated cell makes up the gastrointestinal tracts, organs etc?

• Ectoderm

• Mesoderm

• Endoderm

Sensory deprivation studies such as that by Hubert and Wiesel which involved sewing shut eyes of kittens found that vision is...

• ...innate

• ...dependent on experience

Which of the following is support for critical periods in development?

• Recess monkeys with wire cage mother and soft mother grew up with terrible social deficits

• Accents

• Neglected 3 year olds have undeveloped brainds

• PET scans of 9 year old romanian orphans show reduced glucose activity in prefrontal and temporal regions

• All of the above

Manipulation of objects is related to which mode of Trevarthen's theory of intersubjectivity?

• Communication mode

• Praxic Mode

• Developmental mode

• Manipulation mode

What is the name for the phenomena that newborn infants can imitate facial expressions?

• Neonatal reflex

• Neonatal development

• Neonatal imitation

• Neonatal participation

Which of the following is NOT a correct pairing of Trevarthen's development stages and the associated Piagetian stage?

• Reflexes / reflexes (0-2 months)

• Primary intersubjectivity / primary circular reactions (2-4 months)

• Secondary intersubjectivity / secondary circular reactions (5-8 months)

• Epoch of games / secondary circular reactions (5-8 months)

• Secondary intersubjectivity/ co-ordiated secondary circular reactions; tertiary circular reactions

Which stage of Trevathen's developmental stages does this describe?.....

6-8 weeks of age
babies become interested in people and objects
display focused, diatic engagements with people and objects, although are primarily oriented toward interplay with people

• Primary intersubjectivity

• Epoch of games

• Secondary inter-subjectivity

• Neonatal reflexes

What is the name for the procedure where mums face their babies and after a cue from the experimenter adopts a still face void of emotion, which causes distress in the infant?

• Still-face procedure

• Emotionless procedure

• Emotional cuing procedure

• Standard procedure

Which of Trevarthen's stages of development does this describe..?
Baby becomes object oriented
behaves systematically differently between people and objects
treats mother like an object

• Primary intersubjectivity

• Epoch of games

• Secondary intersubjectivity

• Neonatal reflexes

Which of the three domains of triadic engagement in secondary intersubjectivity does this describe?

Use of the emotional signals of a social partner to influence approach/avoidance to a novel object.

• Social referencing

• Joint attention

• Intentional communication

Which domain of triadic engagement in secondary intersubjectivity does this describe?

Ability to follow pointing/gaze of social partners to specific entities.

• Social referencing

• Joint attention

• Intentional communication

Which domain of triadic engagement in secondary intersubjectivity does this describe?

Ability to capture and redirect the attention of a social partner.

• Social referencing

• Joint attention

• Intentional communication

Butterworth's finding that at 6 months a baby will follow the direction of its mother's gaze, but at 1 year baby will fixate on the same target as the mother if its the first target in its scan path is related to which domain of triadic engagement?

• Social referencing

• Joint attention

• Intentional communication

Which is NOT a cause of reduction in infant mortality?

• Hygiene (availability of clean water, removal of rubbish)

• Housing (increased prosperity, better protection from the elements)

• Medicine (antibiotics, vaccines)

• Education (increased wealth, education of preventative measures)

What was the name of the scandal in 1998 which claimed that the MMR vaccine was linked to autism?

• The Wakefield scandal

• The Wetherfield scandal

• The Wetherspoons scandal

• The Waketree scandal

Which of Fell et al's (1998) stages of sound production is characterised by quasi-resonant or quasi-vocalic sounds?

• The phonation stage (0-2 months)

• The primitive articulation stage (1-4 months)

• The expansion stage (3-8 months)

• The canonical syllable stage (5-10 months)

• The integrative/variegrated stage (9-18 months)

Which of Fell et al (1998)s stages of sound production is characterised by the appearance of primitive syllables combined with quasi-vocalic sounds?

• The phonation stage (0-2 months)

• The primitive articulation stage (1-4 months)

• The expansion stage (3-8 months)

• The canonical syllable stage (5-10 months)

• The integrative/variegrated stage (9-18 months)

Which of Fell et al (1998)s stages of sound production is characterised by open vowels, squeals and frowns, yells and whispers, raspberries?

• The phonation stage (0-2 months)

• The primitive articulation stage (1-4 months)

• The expansion stage (3-8 months)

• The canonical syllable stage (5-10 months)

• The integrative/variegrated stage (9-18months)

Which of Fell et al (1998)s stages of sound production is characterised by well formed syllables and reduplicated sequences of such syllables?

• The phonation stage (0-2 months)

• The primitive articulation stage (1-4 months)

• The expansion stage (3-8 months)

• The canonical syllable stage (5-10 months)

• The integrated/variegrated stage (9-18 months)

Which of Fell et al (1998)s stages of sound production is characterised by meaningful speech, mixed babbling an speech?

• The phonation stage (0-2 months)

• The primitive articulation stage (1-4 months)

• The expansion stage (3-8 months)

• The canonical syllable stage (5-10 months)

• The integrative/variegrated stage (9-18 months)

At what age do babies start acting as though they have intention?

• 6 months

• 1 year

• 18 months

• 2 years

Pointing to request is an example of a...

• Protodeclarative

• Protoimperative

What order are the stages of pointing to request?

• Goal directed behaviour --> attention-getting behaviour --> response (waiting) --> referential directive

• Attention getting behaviour --> goal directed behaviour ---> referential directive ---> response (waiting)

What is pointing to comment an example of?

• Protoimperative

• Protodeclarative

Which definition of protodeclarative proposed by Moore and Corkum (1994) suggests that the goal of the behaviour is affective response from the caregiver and the reinforcer is emotional signalling?

• Lean interpretation

• Rich interpretation

Which definition of protodeclarative proposed by Tomasello (1995) suggests that the goal of the behaviour is joint attention to distal objects and the reinforcer is successful joint attention?

• Lean interpretation

• Rich interpretation

What do Moore and Corkum (1994) in their Lean Interpretation suggest are the prerequisites for use of protodeclarative?

• Expectation that social partner will exhibit positive emotion, based on past experience; means-ends reasoning

• Children point to things because they have some kind of recognition that others have perceptual states that can be manipulated

What does Tomasello (1995) in his rich interpretation suggest is a reason for children's use of protodeclaratives?

• Children point to things because they have some kind of recognition that others have perceptual states which can be manipulated

• A grizzly bear

Which approach is commonly used to explain early development?

• Expressive emotional approach

• Theory-of-mind approach

Which approach is commonly used to explain later development?

• Expressive emotional approach

• Theory-of-mind approach

Which perspective on pointing proposed by Butterworth (2003) is biologically based and species-specific?

• The nativist view

• The naturist view

• The cognitive/representational view

• The social learning view

Butterworth (2003) said that whole hand pointing adopted by chimps is the antithesis of the...

• power grip

• power trip

• power slip

Which is NOT a critique of the nativist view of pointing?

• Depends upon rearing history

• Pointing with whole hand is also a widespread human behaviour

• It promotes nudity

Which perspective on pointing proposed by Baron-Cohen (1995) suggests that infants attempt to influence the mind of their social partners, and is evidenced by gaze monitoring and protodeclarative pointing?

• The nativist view

• The cognitive/representational view

• The social learning view

The finding of Liszowski et al (2004) that in joint attention kids didn't continue to point as much implies...

• ...that infants understand something about the attention of others (Cognitive/representational view)

• ....that infants understand something about the attention of others (social learning view)

• ...that infants have opposable thumbs

Moore's (1994;2001) findings that an infant may understand that a point will lead to an adult head turn and an interesting subsequent response from an adult is evidence for which view of pointing?

• The nativist view

• The cognitive/representational view

• The social learning view

Which is not a finding about emotion in joint attention?

• Babies aged 9-18 months express positive emotion during joint object play with their mothers (Adamson & Bakeman, 1985)

• Babies aged 20 & 22 months express more positive emotion during joint attention than when requesting objects (Kasari et al 1990)

• Parents of babies aged 6-18 months synchronise their own smiles with their own pointing gestures when they point for their babies (Leavens et al 2014)

• Babies aged 4-5 months express negative emotion when their mothers are not engaging in joint attention (Bach et al 2011)

Which is NOT a criticism of the learning theory of declarative pointing?

• Absence of evidence for the ability to train precocious, declarative pointing

• Absence of evidence for the necessity of positive emotional consequences for elicitation of declarative pointing

• Extreme rarity of apparently declarative pointing in other animal species

• Depends upon babies' rearing history

Which is NOT a biological approach to gender development?

• Evolutionary approaches

• Hormones

• Behavioural genetic approach

• Gender schema theory

Which of the following is NOT a social approach to gender development?

• Social learning theory (Mischel 1966)

• Social cognitive theory (Bussey & Bandura 1999)

• Gender schema theory (Martin and Halverson 1981)

Which is NOT a cognitive approach to gender development?

• Cognitive developmental theory

• Gender schema theory

• Social learning theory

The evolutionary approach to gender development (e.g. Buss 1999) suggests that...

• Behavioural tendencies have evolved that offer reproductive advantage

• Girls concentrate on fostering close relationships, avoiding conflict and controlling impulses

• Boys are more physically active and aggressive

• All of the above

What is the name of the inherited genetic condition that has been found to cause children to play in more "masculine" ways? (Nordenstrom et al)

• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

• Congenital cataract syndrome

• ADHD

Which was NOT one of the findings of the Twins Early Development Study (1994-1996) relating to gender development?

• Heritability counted for quite a lot of individual differences in girls, but not so much in boys

• Shared environment mattered more for girls than for boys

• Twin-specific environment and non-shared environment had some impact in both genders

What are the 2 key processes involved in social learning theory of gender development, and their relevant supporting / contradictory research? (Mischel 1966)

• Reinforcement (Langlois & Downs 1980 - fathers more positive to same-sex behaviour and critical of sons other-sex behaviour in pre-school children) and Modelling (BUT Huston 1983 - children's gender-role behaviour is not strongly correlated with their parents' behaviour).

• Reinforcement (BUT Huston 1983 - children's gender role behaviour is not strongly correlated with their parents' behaviour) and Modelling (Langlois & Downs 1980 - fathers are more positive to same-sex behaviour and critical of sons' other-sex behaviour in pre-school children)

Which is NOT one of the three key influences proposed by Bussey & Bandura's social cognitive theory of gender development?

• Modelling in an immediate envrionment

• Enactive experience

• Direct tuition

• Reinforcement

Which is not a criticism of the social approach to gender development?

• It is adevelopmental - doesn't account for developmental changes in children's gender-stereotyped beliefs

• Major mechanisms of the theory haven't been supported consistently by research

• It acknowledges the role of the social environment

Which of the 3 stages in gender understanding (Slaby & Frey) refers to infants' ability to label each gender by 2.5 years old?

• Gender identity

• Gender stability

• Gender constancy

Which of the stages in gender understanding (Slaby & Frey) refers to infants' understanding that sex is stable over time by 3.5 years? (but are still easily confused by superficial marks of gender)

• Gender stability

• Gender identity

• Gender constancy

Which of the stages in gender understanding (Slaby & Frey) refers to infants' understanding of the performance of the two genders by 6 years (don't get tripped up by superficial markers of gender)

• Gender identity

• Gender stability

• Gender constancy

Weinraub et al (1984) found that children prefer same-sex toys before they achieve which stage of gender understanding?

• Gender identity

• Gender stability

• Gender constancy

Which statement about the Gender Schema theory (Martin and Halverson 1981) is FALSE?

• Gender identity has a central role rather than gender constancy

• Kids rapidly build up networks of gender-related information to guide gender-stereotyped processing and behaviour

• Children develop other-sex schema before same-sex schema

• The theory has trouble explaining asymmetries between boys and girls

Which is NOT a criticism of cognitive theories of gender development?

• Cognitive theories don't address why males and females are valued differently

• Cognitive theories ignore the social context within within which gender development occurs

• The predicted relationship between gender-stereotypes and gender-typed behaviour is typically not found

• They are adevelopmental

Which was NOT a finding from Serbin, Powlishta & Gulko's (1993) study into cognitive and socialisation theories of gender development?

• Flexibility of gender-stereotyped beliefs was related to general cognitive development

• Greater flexibility of stereotyped beliefs was associated with fewer gender-stereotyped preferences

• Stereotypes were learnt earlier if father was resident (boys only)

• Children had more gender-stereotype preferences when mothers engaged in masculine activities

• Gender stereotypes were learnt later if father did feminine domestic activities

Which is a key point about the development of gender-stereotyped preferences?

• Preferences remain gender-typed in middle childhood

• When preferences become more flexible this is for girls only

• Overall, girls show a wider range of preferences than boys

• All of the above

Which is not an example of a false belief task?

• Sally-Anne task

• Smarties task

• Reading the mind in the eyes task

Which statement about false belief tasks is INCORRECT?

• A criticism of these tasks is that ids may misunderstand the question (Lewis & Osborne 1990)

• Children perform better in naturalistic settings (Dunn, 1988)

• Children perform better if the question is rephrased

• Change of success rate is dramatic between age 3 and 4

• Most children over the age of 2 can do these tasks successfully

Which of piaget's stages of moral development is characterised by
1) the child determining if an action is good or bad based on its consequence
2) thinks that whatever the authority figure says is right

• Stage 1 - morality of constraint (under age 7)

• Transitional period (ages 7/8 to 10)

• Stage 2 - autonomous morality (moral relativism) - age 11-12

Which of piaget's stages of moral development is characterised by
1) social interactions with peers
2) beginning to take another's perspective

• Stage 1 - morality of constraint (under age 7)

• Transitional period (ages 7/8 to 10)

• Stage 2 - autonomous morality (moral relativism) - age 11-12

Which of piaget's stages of moral development is characterised by
1) the realisation that rules can be changed
2) punishment should fit the crime
3) focus on fairness and equality
4) consideration not motivation and intentions