The occipital condyles interact with the superior facets of which vertebrae?
Atlas
Axis
What are the equivalents of the lambda and bregma in a neonatal skull?
Anterior fontanelle
Posterior fontanelle
Anterior suturic site
Posterior suturic site
The bone that the skull is composed of is made from a ______ casing.
Compact bone
Cancellous bone
The bone that the skull is composed of is made from a ______ interior.
Sutures are connected by what fibrous substance?
Collagen
Fibronectin
Elastin
Laminin
The pterion is the meeting of what four cranial bones?
Parietal
Frontal
Sphenoid
Temporal
Occipital
Lacrimal
Ethmoid
What is the feature on the axis vertebrae which helps to allow the atlas and skull to rotate?
Dens
Condyle
Ramus
Body
In the myotatic reflex, is the sensory input from the muscle spindle excitatory to the motor neuron in the spinal cord or inhibitory? Why?
Excitatory - this leads to contraction of the muscle which prevents damage that may be caused by stretch of the muscle when excess strain is placed on it.
Inhibitory - this leads to absence of excitatory contractory signals and therefore the muscle relaxes. This helps to prevent damage to the muscle.
In the reverse myotatic reflex, the golgi tendon organ will send out inhibitory signals to the interneuron to therefore co-ordinate relaxation of the muscle.
In the knee jerk reflex, an inhibitory interneurone leads to relaxation of the quadriceps.
In the crossed extensor reflex, excitatory efferent signals travel to the quadriceps of the leg that is taking body weight.
The jaw jerk reflex is an example of the myotatic reflex in action.
The gag reflex is processed by what cranial nerve?
Hypoglossal
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Trigeminal
The motor action co-ordinated by CN IX leads to contraction of what muscles?
Laryngeal
Tongue
Sternocleidomastoid
Sternohyoid
Sensory afferent information associated with the swallowing reflex travels to what brain centre in the brain stem?
The swallowing centre
The masticatory central pattern generator
The solitary nucleus
Peristalsis is an enteric reflex.