What effect does extracellular homeostasis have on intracellular homeostasis?
It overrides it
It is overridden by it
It has no effect
What type of messenger is released by extodermal shedding?
Membrane bound
Direct diffusion
Vesicle bound
How are cytoplasmic formed chemical messengers released?
Lipophillic diffusion through the membrane
Dedicated passenger proteins
Hydrophillic diffusion through the membrane
What Mr can be passed through direct diffusion?
Low
Moderate
High
Which part of the myosin in the musce fibre contains the ATPase?
Hinge region
Light chain
Heavy chain
What make up the Troponin complex in muscle?
Troponin C
Troponin I
Troponin T
Actin
Myosin
Why is the sarcomere pronounced as a 'cell unit'?
Muscles are polynucleatre
Sarcomeres are the largest subunit
They are the only subunits containing both actin/myosin
What muscular receptors are effected by Ach?
Nicotinic Ach receptors
Adeninic Ach receptors
Adrenergic Ach receptors
How long is the half life of Ach
1-2 secs
10-20 secs
4-5 secs
How many subunits make up Nicotinic Ach Receptors?
5- 2 alpha, a beta a delta and a gamma
5- an alpha, 2 beta, a delta and a gamma
5- an alpha, a beta, 2 delta and a gamma
All subunits in Nicotinic Ach Receptors have a transmembrane domain of 4 helices- which one is ampipathic?
M1
M2
M3
M4
When Ach binds, the subunits twist to replace an amino acid with an inorgaic ion. Name them.
Leucine is replaced with Phosphate
Tyrosine is replace with Sodium
Serine is replace with Chlorine
When the impulse enters the muscle cell, what channels are opened in the T-tubule?
DHP
AHP
CHP
Once the DHP receptor has been opened, which receptor does it open in the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum?
Ryonadine
Acetylcholamine
Phosphodine
What keeps the Ca2+ concentration in the sarcoplasmic reticulum so high?
ATP driven Ca2+ pumps
Ca2+/Cl- co-transporters
Ca2+/Na+ exchange
Of the transmembrane helices in DHP, which do which jobs?
S4 - voltage sensing S5-6 form pores
S5-6 - voltage sensing S4-form pores
S2 - voltage sensing S3-4 form pores
What allows the DHP receptor to communicate with the Ryonadine receptor?
Loops II-III
Loops III-IV
Loops I-II
In the ryonadine receptor, the 6 hydrophobic helices are found in make up how many identical subunits?
4
5
6
7
The pore is formed in ryonadine receptors by what?
The loops between S9 & S10
The loops between S10 & S11
The loops between S8 & S9
What protein holds the Ca2+ inside the sarcoplasmic reticulum for extra security?
Calsequestrin
Calcitachin
Calcibindin
Which subunit of the dihydropyridine receptor contains 4 homologous transmembrane domains?
Alpha 1
Beta
Alpha 2
Gamma
How many helices make up each one of the four homologous transmembrane domains in the alpha one subunit of Dihydropyridine receptor?
8
