Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes; roots in many disciplines and countries; growing and globalizing.
What is the difference between "Nature vs. Nurture"?
NATURE is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors.
NURTURE is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception.
NURTURE is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors.
NATURE is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception.
There is no difference between the two.
Nurture works. . .
. . .on external factors.
. . .on what nature provides.
. . .on its own.
Biological influences involve genetic predispositions, genetic mutations, natural selection of adaptive traits and behaviors, and genes responding to the environment.
Psychological influences do NOT involve learned fears, learned expectations, emotional responses, cognitive processing, and perceptual interpretations.
What are social-cultural influences?
presence of others, cultural societal, and family expectations, peer and other group influences, compelling models
genetic predispositions, genetic mutations, natural selection of adaptive traits and behaviors, genes responding to the environment
learned fears, learned expectations, emotional responses, cognitive processing, and perceptual interpretations
What are the three Levels of Analysis? (The Biopsychosocial Approach)
Environmental Influence, Social Influence, Cultural Influence
Biological Influence, Psychological Influence, Social-Cultural Influence
Biological Influence, Psychological Influence, Familial Influence
What are the three subfields of psychology?
counseling, clinical, psychiatrist
counseling, psychiatrist, operational
psychiatrist, psychologist, operational
What are the correct definitions of counseling, clinical, and psychiatric psychologists?
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY studies, assesses, but does not treat people with psychological disorders.
COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY is a branch that assists people with problems in living (school, work, marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.
PSYCHIATRIC PSYCHOLOGY is a branch of medicine that deals primarily with behavioral disorders; and is not typically practiced by licensed physicians.
PSYCHIATRIC PSYCHOLOGY is a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy.
COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY is a branch that assists people with medical problems in living (physical trauma, post amputation, etc.) and in achieving greater quality of life.
is pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.
is scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.
Critical thinking examines theories, rewrites the theories, uses personal opinions, and evaluates evidence solely off of the opinions formed by the examining scientist.
Which of the following is the correct way to conduct The Scientific Method (the method used by psychologists to conduct research)?
iterate, test, make an observation, form a hypothesis, ask a question, make a prediction
make an observation, ask a question, form a hypothesis, make a prediction, test, iterate
ask a question, form a hypothesis, make an observation, test, make a prediction, iterate
A is an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events. A is a testable prediction, often implied by a theory.
A suggests fruitful ideas for future research, no generalizations, or universal truths. A is a self-reported data tool used to study participants and gather information about individuals. often involves new technology, does not control all factors, and describes and sometimes illuminates, but does not explain behavior.
What is a positive correlation? A negative correlation?
(>0 to +1.00); (<0 to -1.00)
(<0 to -1.00); (>0 to +1.00);
Description includes surveys and interviews; it is the best basis for generalizing because it forms a representative sample.
Correlations are a measure of the differences in physical appearance of two factors, and are used to determine whether or not these two factors are the same materials.
Correlation proves causation.
Experiments are meant for researchers to test a bunch of variables all at once to see what happens to them, variables are swapped and changed whenever it is necessary to the experiment.
Behavioral Science is defined as. . .
. . .an emphasis on human growth, and potential. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow focused on the need for love, acceptance, and an environment that nurtures or limits growth.
. . .behavior scientifically defined, conditioned, observed, and measured. It was founded by Watson and Rayner, who championed the scientific study of behavior with their "Little Albert" experiment; fear can be learned.
Humanistic Perspective is defined as. . .
is a study method that uses the technique of survey, question, read, retrieve, review.
Define learning.
The process of acquiring through experience.
The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.
The processing of acquiring motor and neurological skills.
is a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events, founded by .
is a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher, associated with .
is when higher animals, especially humans, learn without direct experience by watching and imitating others, associated with and his experiment.
We learn by replication.
What is a Skinner Box?
An operant chamber for experiments that includes a bar that an animal presses to release a reward of food or water, as well as a device that records these responses.
An observational chamber for experiments that includes several dogs connected to saliva measuring devices. As a stimulant is presented, the dog begins to salivate in anticipation.
A small room that children are placed in after viewing an adult acting violently with a bobo doll. Once alone, the children will normally begin to mirror the adults actions, violently kicking and insulting the doll.
Mirror Neurons Observational Neurons Stagnant Neurons Modeling Neurons( Mirror Neurons, Observational Neurons, Stagnant Neurons, Modeling Neurons ) are frontal lobe neurons that scientists believe fire when a person performs certain actions or observes another person doing so; they provide a neural basis for everyday imitation and observational learning.
Modeling is the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.
If prosocial modeling can have prosocial effects, antisocial modeling can have antisocial effects. What are examples of prosocial and antisocial modeling?
A child learns empathy by watching a children's show.
A woman's shoe breaks, and now she brings a second pair of shoes everywhere she goes.
A dog runs into a glass door, and becomes wary of it being closed.
Abusive parents may have aggressive children.
An employee learns sales skills by copying their boss.
Watching violence may foster indifference in younger viewers.
Someone mugs a man in a dark alley, and now he avoids them.
A child receives a candy bar for doing a good deed, so they repeat the good deeds in the hope of getting more.
administers an undesirable consequence or withdraws something desirable to decrease the frequency of a behavior. A affects behavior by presenting a negative consequence after an undesired behavior is exhibited, making that behavior less likely to happen in the future. A , removing a desired stimulus after a particular undesired behaviors is exhibited results in reducing that behavior in the future.
Acquisition Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Generalization Discrimination( Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, Generalization, Discrimination ) is the initial stage when one links a neural stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.
is the diminishing of a conditioned response, occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus.
What is a reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response?
acquisition
extinction
spontaneous recovery
generalization
discrimination
Generalization is the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus (which predicts the unconditioned stimulus) and other irrelevant stimuli.
Discrimination is the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus (which predicts the unconditioned stimulus) and other irrelevant stimuli.
A dog barked and then bit a child's leg. The child was very scared. When this child hears a dog bark again, they tremble with fear.
What is the neutral stimulus?
a dog barked
and then bit a child's leg
the child was very scared
when the child hears a dog bark again
they tremble with fear
What is the unconditioned stimulus?
when this child hears a dog bark again
What is the unconditioned response?
What is the conditioned stimulus?
What is the conditioned response?
