Lab exam (6,7,part of 8)

the function of proteoglycans is to

Hyaline cartilage
Location:
Function: ;
Fibrocartilage
Location: ,
Function:

Collagen
source: secreted by
function: the of the bone; adds

Bone Minerals:
/ crystals
Function: /

Intramembranonus ossification
Location:
Process: bone tissue forms in

What two processes make up prenatal ossification?
and ossification

Growth in diameter
role of osteoclasts
-marrow cavity
-the thickness of compact bone is

-Calcium is the nutrition
Source: ()
Absorption: requires
-Vitamin C is needed to
-Vitamin D is needed to
-Vitamin A is needed to
-Phosphorus is the nutrient
-Vitamin K the formation of
-Magnesium is the nutrient
-Protein is needed for

Osteoporosis
- bone ; bone mass
- more common in
-prevention: diet high in , avoid , exercise

Growth hormone:
Source: : known as the
Function:
-Bone: activity
-Cartilage: activity
-Overall effect: growth is

Hyposecretion of GH (childhood)
hypo=
a.) pituitary
b.) calcification of

Hypersecretion of GH
Hyper=
a.) childhood:
b.) adulthood:

Thyroid hormone aka
Source:
effect of hypothyroidism (childhood):
- : type of with

Reproductive hormones
Estrogen -
-Source:
-Effect on bone: activity & of
-result: at
-menopause: in estrogen may lead to
Progesterone -

Testosterone -
source:
Effects on bone: activity & of
result: men grow for a period of time than women

Bone remodeling
def: removal of bone by and of bone by

Functions
1.) change bone
2.) maintain
3.) Bone after
4.) Convert bone to bone
5.) Replace worn and -
6.) increase or decrease as demands

Role of bone cells
1.) osteoblasts: bone
2.) osteoclasts: bone
-secrete acid - bone salts
-secrete proteolytic enzymes -
-capable of

Role of stress in bone remodeling
def:
increase stress ----> activity
decreased stress ------> activity
activity is affected by

Muscle tissue is specialized for:
- - physical
- - with a called
- - can be stretched out
- - after stretching
-but except muscle

Myofilaments -
Myosin- actin-
Bands/Zones:
A band -
I band -
H zone -
Thick and thin myofilaments shorten. Actin is the thing that moves, myosin move.
1.) on myosin actin along (uses much )
2,) Actin moves together
3.) Sarcomeres ; myofibril
4.) during contraction:
Z disks move , I bands , H zone , A bands

Motor neuron
Def: that carry to / that muscle
The neuromuscular junction - where and meet
Neurotransmitter
-Acetylcholine () - always
-Function: muscle to
Inactivation of ACh - Acetylcholinesterase ()
-Function: ensure that action potential produces action potential

Motor units
-Def: and all the muscle fibers it
Small Motor unit
ex: neuron innervating fibers: control. ex:
Large motor unit
ex: neuron innervating fibers: control. ex:

Recruitment of motor units: motor units are which the of muscle fibers -> muscle with force

a.) calcium to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
b.) a second action potential to occur on the muscle fiber
c.) the muscle action potential goes down the T-tubule and causes
d.) an action potential on the motor neuron causes the release of ACh which causes
Correct order (seperated by commas):

Within Myofibril
e.) At rest: tropomyosin is blocking actions binding site for myosin
f.) ATP is broken down to ADP+P by the head of the myosin.
g.) expose actions binding site for myosin
h.)ATP already stored in the myosin allows the myosin head to "spring forward" (the power stroke) and
i.) A cross bridge can now form between the actin and myosin head
j.) The sarcomeres shorten as cross bridges form,move, break and reform. This process is repeated throughout as long as calcium and ATP are available
k.)after impulse: Ca binds to troponin causing tropomyosin to move and
l.) The energy released is used to break the actin-myosin cross bridge,
m.)actin is pulled past myosin
n.) and to pull the myosin head into its original position, and
o.) to provide energy for the next cross bridge formation and movement
Correct order (seperated by commas):

a.) the muscle action potential stops
b.) ACh is broken down by ACh-ase in the motor neuron.
c.) the motor neuron must stop sending action potentials
d.) Without calcium tropomyosin again blocks actin's binding site for myosin so that new cross bridges cannot form
e.) without the muscle action potential, the sarcoplasmic reticulum actively (need ATP) transports calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
f.) without cross bridges the muscle is relaxed and can be passively stretched out by another muscle or by gravity
Correct order (separated by commas):

Muscle fatigue
def:
cause: than
effect:

muscle tone
state of of a
ex:
during sleep
if lost muscle grows :

Creatine phosphate: stored in during
a.) + ----> +
b.) type of exercise:
c.) rate of ATP formation:
d.) time of availability:
e.) result:

Anaerobic respiration: oxygen
a.) ---> -----> ( that causes ) +
b.) type of exercise:
c.) rate of ATP formation:
d.) time of availability:
e.) result: but

Aerobic respiration: oxygen
a.) + ------> + +
b.) + ------> + +
c.) types of exercise: ()
d.) rate of ATP formation:
e.) result: able to form for

Oxygen deficit - amount of that cells to after exercise
During vigorous exercise
a.) insufficient O2 delivery favors respiration
b.) is broken down to
c.) ---> --> +
d.) diffuses out of muscle and is taken up by the

After exercise
a.) is converted to by the
b.) and are
c.) oxygen is restored to and

Effect of cool-down exercise - oxygen debt

Fatigue
1.) Physiological contracture - due to resources, muscles function; cannot . be overcome
2.) psychological fatigue - common, your own , muscle function, be overcome

Effect of aerobic exercise
A. mass - - number of muscle fibers change
1.) blood supply
2.) mitochondria ()
3.) Myofibrils -
-2&3 - the number of organelles in cells
Fiber type change

Functions of nervous system
1.)
a.) external -
b.) internal - ex:
2) CNS processes () the above
3.) responds to interpretation by in ()
4.) nervous system makes

Nervous system cells
Neurons:
specialized for:
a.) excitability: to a with a :
b.) transmission: sends a message ""
c.) but not for

Myelin sheath
structure: wrapping of of (pns) or (cns) cell around
Function: axon, causing of from to
axons may also be unmyelinated

Sensory () - - transmits action potential from
Interneuron () - transmits action potentials
Motor () - transmits action potentials from

Gray matter: and axons
White matter: bundles of axons
Ganglia: neuron cell bodies in ( matter)
Nerves: of axons in
-Function classification
*Sensory: carry . ex:
*Motor: carry
*Mixed: - carries both
Tract: of axons in ( matter)