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the study of age-related changes in behaviour, thinking, emotions, and social relationships
what is the nature-nurture debate also known as?
what side of the nature-nurture debate are the idealists on?
what side of the nature-nurture debate are the empiricists on?
who was G. Stanley Hall?
what were Baby Biographies?
the average ages at which developmental events happen.
defines development in terms of behaviour changes caused by environmental influences.
who coined the term behaviourism?
what is continuous/quantitative change?
what is discontinuous/qualitative change?
Sequential patterns of change that are governed by instructions contained in the genetic code and shared by all members of a species.
any time period during development when an organism is especially responsive to and learns from a specific type of stimulation (ex. ducks imprinting on the first thing they see after hatching)
a period during which particular experiences can best contribute to proper development (ex. walking, talking)
The study of the genetic contributions to behaviour or traits such as intelligence or personality.
a set of core ideas or
assumptions about the world, the self, and
relationships with others through which all
subsequent experience is filtered.
changes that are common to every member of a species and are linked to specific ages
changes that occur in most members of a cohort as a result of factors at work during a specific, well-defined historical period.
group of individuals who share the same historical experiences at the same times in their lives
changes that result from unique, unshared events. (ex. illness)
sets of statements that propose general principles of development
Developmental theories based on the assumption that age-related change results from maturationally determined conflicts between internal drives and society’s demands.
a basic, unconscious, instinctual sexual drive energy
the inborn, primitive portion of the personality, the storehouse of libido, the basic energy that continually pushes for immediate gratification.
the portion of the personality that organizes, plans, and keeps the person in touch with reality.
the “conscience” part of personality, which contains parental and societal values and attitudes incorporated during childhood.
the stages of personality development suggested by Freud: the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages.
the stages of personality development suggested by Erikson, involving basic trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, and ego integrity.
developmental theories that emphasize children’s actions on the environment and suggest that age-related changes in reasoning precede and explain changes in other domains.
the process by which a teacher (or parent, older child, or other person in the role of teacher) structures a learning encounter with a child, so as to lead the child from step to step
the range of tasks that are slightly too difficult for a child to do alone but that can be accomplished successfully with guidance from an adult or more experienced child.
a set of theories based on the idea that humans process information in ways that are similar to those used in computers.
Psychological theories that explain development in terms of accumulated learning experiences.
An automatic, or unconditional response such as an emotion or a reflex comes to be triggered by a new cue, called the conditional stimulus, after having been paired several times with that stimulus.
The type of learning in which the probability of a person’s performing some behavior is increased or decreased because of the consequences it produces
The process of strengthening a behavior by the presentation of some pleasurable or positive stimulus
the process of strengthening a behavior by the removal or cessation of an unpleasant stimulus.
the removal of a desirable stimulus (ex. TV) or the administration of an unpleasant consequence (ex. grounding) after some undesired behavior (ex. talking back) in order to stop the behavior.
the use of multiple theoretical perspectives to explain and study human development.
A testable prediction based on a theory.
A form of research study in which samples of participants from several different age groups are studied at the same time.
A form of research study in which the same participants are observed or assessed repeatedly over a period of months or years.
A form of research study that combines cross-sectional and longitudinal designs in some way.
in-depth examinations of single individuals
A research method in which participants are observed in their normal environments.
A statistic used to describe the strength of a relationship between two variables. It can range from -1.00 to +1.00. The closer it is to +1.00 or -1.00, the stronger the relationship being described.
A research method for testing a causal hypothesis, in which participants are assigned randomly to experimental and control groups and the experimental group is then provided with a particular experience that is expected to alter behavior in some fashion
A group of participants in an experiment who receive a particular treatment intended to produce some specific effect
A group of participants in an experiment who receive either no special treatment or some neutral treatment.
A condition or event that an experimenter varies in some systematic way in order to observe the impact of that variation on participants’ behavior.
The variable in an experiment that is expected to show the impact of manipulations of the independent variable; also called the outcome variable.
any study that involves comparisons of different cultures or contexts.
ethical standards for research involving human participants are based on five major themes:
