Which of the following sentences describe property of fasciculus gracilis ?
It collects sensory input from lower part of the body
Collects sensory input from upper part of the body
It conducts impulses collected from muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs
It conveys touch and vibration sense
Second order neuron is located in medulla oblongata
Second order neuron is located in posterior horn of spinal cord
Which features are unique for unitary SMC?
They have BER (slow wave rhythm)
They have a plateau phase
They need action potential to initiate electrical activity
They are innervated by many nerve strands
They have gap junctions
What creates fEPSP in postganglionic sympathetic neurons ?
ACh through N-cholinergic receptors
ACh through M-cholinergic receptor
Gn-RH
D2-Receptor
What is true about nerve fibers of the efferent ANS?
Preganglinic sympathetic axons are myelinated A fibers
Postganglionic parasympathetic axons are unmyelinated C-fiber
Preganglionic sympathetic axons are myelinated B-fibers
Preganglionic parasympathetic axons are unmyelinated C-fibers
Specific, where ligand gated channels are found in the neuron;
Dendrites
Cell body = soma
Axon hillock
Nodes of ranvier
Identify features that separate CARDIAC from skeletal muscles
It is build of thick and thin filaments
Action potential has a plateau phase
Cells can depolarize independent of external impulses
Calcium ins are stored in the endoplasmic reticulum
Gap junctions
The Resting membrane potential of a cellular membrane is dependent on:
K+ outflow (leakage current)
Fast Na+ channels
Fast k+ channels
Ca2+ channel
Na+/K+ pump- ATPase
In Neuromuscular junctions you can find:
N-cholinergic receptor
Acetylcholine
Beta-Adrenergic receptor
Folds of the cardiac membrane
ATP function in cross bridge cycle: In the cross bridge cycle of skeletal and cardiac muscle, ATP produces:
Tropomyosin and actin connection
Ca2+ released from Sarcoplasmic reticulum
ATP - energizing the power stroke of the myosin cross bridge
ATP - disconnecting the myosin cross bridge from the binding site on actin at a conclusion of a powerstroke
ATP - actively transporting Ca2+ ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
GABA is
Voltage gated Cl- channel
Ligand gated Cl- channel
CL channel, gated with GABA
Activation/ release leads to IPSP
Co-transmitters and mediators in ANS:
Preganglionic cholinergic fibers
Postganglionic cholinergic fibers
Postganglionic adrenergic
Preganglionic adrenergic
Resting membrane potential in maintained by:
K+ ions outflow
Cl ion passage
NA/K pump
Protein anions
Na+ channels & currents does not influence resting membrane potential
Standard Action potential of the neuron:
Reflects all or none law
Involves sodium, chloride and calcium channels
Can be summated in time and space
The amount of liberated neurotransmitter is proportionate to the frequency of action potential passing via p...
Which of the following cells are able to create action potential?
Olfactory receptor cells
Hair cells of the organ of Corti
Ganglion cells of the retina
Bipolar cells of the retina
Tetanic contraction of the skeletal muscle results from the cumulative increase in the intracellular concentration of which of the following?
ATP
Potassium ion
Phosphocreatine
Calcium ion
Troponin
Tetany can be observed in:
Decrease in Ca2+ (low plasma level)
Decrease in Mg2+ (low plasma levels)
Increase in Ca2+
Increase in temperature
Decrease in H+
Increase in HCO3-, K+ and HPO42-
Acidosis
Alkalosis
Identify right features common for all types of striated muscle:
Calmodulin intensifies activity of the calcium pump of SR, pumping ions back into ECF
T-tubules of the sarcolemma is rich in ligand gated channels
DHP receptor is the voltage gated structure of sarcolemma
Rise of concentration of calcium ion in cytosol of striated muscle cells is the necessary condition for generation of cross bridges
RyR is the ionotropic receptor of sarcolemma
In synaptic transmission:
Acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholine esterase in synaptic cleft. This finishes synaptic transmission
Postsynaptic inhibition depends on the number of IPSP and EPSP generated on particular postsynaptic membrane
Glycine produced EPSP in postsynaptic neuron
The site where the threshold potential (-55mV) has to occur in order to produce an action potential is:
Axon
Soma
Choose which of the following statements are true (action potential):
The site where the threshold potential (-55mV) has to occur in order to produce an action potential is the axon hillock
During its resting state, the electrical charge inside the neuron is negative compared to the outside
In response to an action potential, a presynaptic neuron releases a chemical called a neurotransmitter which diffuses across the synaptic cleft to activate ligand receptor on the postsynaptic cell
The reason why there is a sudden shift in the electrical potential of the neuron (from about -70mv to about +50mv) during an action potential is largely due to the sudden influx of potassium ions.
Which of the followings are peptide hormones:
Thyroxine, aldosterone, growth hormone;
Insulin, epinephrine, dopamine;
Vasopressin, oxytocin, insulin;
Parathyroid hormone, growth hormone, calcitonin
In the neurons:
The axons convey impulse away from the cell body;
Neurotransmitters are synthesized in the cell bodies and then transported to the axons
The condition velocity decreases with fiber diameter
The excitability is increased if the extracellular calcium concentration is decreased
Fill the blank with the correct words:"During the neuron's resting state, large amounts of positive ______ ions are found in the extracellular fluid, whereas relatively more positive ______ ions are found inside the cell."
sodium, potassium
potassium, sodium
potassium, chloride
chloride, potassium
The conduction velocity of the nerve fibers is increased by:
Decreased temperature
Increased concentration of the external sodium ions
Increased axon diameter
Myelination
Place the following neurons in order of their speed of conduction , from faster to slowest: (they are in the correct order seen below a. myelinated axon, diameter 20um b. unmyelinated axon, diameter 200um c. unmyelinated axon, diameter 20um
b, c, a
c, a, b
a, b, c
The presence of myelin allows an axon to:
Produce more frequent action potentials
Conduct impulses more rapidly
Produce action potential of larger amplitude
Action potential of longer duration
Hair cells of semicircular canals:
Respond to linear acceleration
Discharge at rest
Depolarize when bend towards kinocilium
Saccule and Utricle
Signals linear acceleration
Hair cells are located:
In tympanic membrane
In inner ear
In semicircular canals
In scala tympani
middle ear
crista ampullaris
basilar membrane of organ of corti
Vestibular Nystagmus:
Triggered by linear acceleration
Toward warm ear in Barany test
Opposite of Barany rotation test
Defined by its slow phase
not envoked in normal healthy people
postrotatory side is in opposite direction
slow eye movement - vestibular occular reflex
slow eye movement - vertigo
True statement:
In damage to Wernick's area, person can talk fluently but poor auditory comprehension and poor repetition of heard and read words (cant name)
In damage to wernick's area, person can talk fluenty with good auditory comprehension, but is not able to repeat heard and read words
In damage to Broca's speech area, person can talk fluently, but poor auditory comprehension and able to repeat heard words
In damage to Broca's speech area, person can't talk fluently, but good auditory comprehension (can't name and repeat)
Organ of Corti:
Inner motile due to basilar membrane
Abundant efference
Abundant afferent
Primary somatosensory cortex: Primary sensory cortex
Receives somatosensory input (specific)
Located in precentral gyrus of frontal lobe
Is Brodmans area 1,2,3
Goes to cingulate gyrus
Defects of left geniculocalcarine tract (left optic radiation / optic tract):
Temporal half of left retina
Temporal half of right retina
Nasal half of left retina
Nasal half of right retina
Both halves of semis retina
Concerning stretch reflex:
Anulospiral endings continued by afferent myelinated Ib fibers.
Anulospiral endings continued by afferent myelinated Ia fibers
Efferent cdr fibers of anterior horn
Efferent A alfa fibers of anterior horn
Flower - spray endings continued by efferent myelinated group III fibers
What is correct regarding reflexes:
Stretch reflex is a monosynaptic
Stretch reflex is a polysynaptic
Inverse stretch reflex is a withdrawal reflex
Annulospiral and flower-spray in endings muscle spindle
Identify correct statements concerning delta waves:
Deepest part of NREM sleep
Lower muscle tone in skeletal muscle
More than 50% of normal EEG
Spindles of theta waves
Elements of the visual pathway: (6 correct)
medial geniculate body
lateral geniculate body
retina, small retina cells
optic disc and optic radiation
purkinje cells
bipolar cells, photosensitive cells and ganglion cells
optic chiasm
neurons of visual cortex
Neurons of visual pathway are (mind the order): (ONLY 5 are correct) a. Photosensitive cells b. Bipolar cells c. Ganglion cells d. Cells of lateral geniculate body of thalamus e. Neurons of visual cortex (bordmans area 17) f. Purkinje cells g. Cells of medial geniculate body of thalamus
a, b, c, f, g
a, b, c, d, e
a, c, f, b, g
a, b, f, d, e
Fast superficial pain:
Cerebral cortex
Transmitted by unmyelinated fibers
Bright and easy to localise
Transmitted by myelinated A fibers (delta)
Short lasting pain signals (sharp)
Pacinian corpuscle:
Rapidly adapting
Slow adapting
Large area of skin - large receptive field size
Small area of skin
Defects of cerebellum;
Ataxia, failure of progression
Poor coordination, decomposition of body movements
Intention tremor
Resting tremor
Adiadochonkinesia/ dysdiadochokinesia
cerebellar nystagmus (tremor of eyes)
past pointing, dysmetria & hypotonia
Synergia
Mechanoreceptor are located in:
Scala tympani
Scala media
scala vestibuli
golgi tendon organ
ampulae of semicircular canal
The reflex arc of the withdrawal reflex is composed of (5)
nociceptor
muscle spindle
Ia sensory fibers
Ib sensory fibers
A delta fiber
excitatory interneurons
inhibitory interneurons
alpha motor neurons
Fovea centralis (4)
Located medially to optic disc
Located superior to optic disc
Located laterally to optic disc (temporal)
Located inferior to optic disc
Is located in center of macula lutea of retina
Is closely packed with cones
Greatest visual acuity (central vision)
Cholinergic neurons of autonomic nervous system (Ach)
postganglionic parasympathetic
preganglionic Parasympathetic
postganglionic sympathetic
preganglionic sympathetic
Alpha motor
Tapping of the patellar elicits a reflex contraction of the quadriceps muscle, Which of the following proceeds the contraction of the quadriceps femoris?
The Ia afferents from the quadriceps muscle spindle increase their rate of firing
The Ib afferents from the Golgi tendon organ increase their rate of firing
The alpha-motoneurons innervating the extradural muscle fibers increase their rate of firing
The gamma-motoneurons innervating the intrafusal muscle increase their rate of firing
The alpha-motoneurons to the antagonist muscles increase their rate of firing
Which of the following are elements of the reflec arc of the inverse stretch reflex?
Inhibitory interneuron of the spinal cord
Gamma motor neuron innervating extratusal skeletal muscle cells
Golgi tendon organ
Ib sensory fiber from the annulospinal ending
Alpha-motor neuron innervating extrafusal skeletal muscle cells
C fiber collecting input from the muscle spindle
Sensory protoneuron of the dorsal root ganglion collecting input from type la sensory fiber
Identify the FIRST and the LAST stage of the phototransduction of rods right after absorption of light:
Hyperpolarization and photoreceptor
Activation of transduction
Increase of the concentration of cGMP
Changing of the retinal configuration from the cis-form to the more energetic trans-form
Closure of the cGMP dependent Na+ channel
Reduction of the concentration of cGMP
Find right statement concerning audition:
Frequency of vibration of the basilar membrane differs frequency of vibration of the ear drum
The apical part of the basilar membrane resonate the most in response to the tone of 200Hz
Outer hair cells of the cochlea help to discriminate loudness of the sound
Inner hair cells of the cochlea function as detectors of the tone pitch
Tone of 20kHz produces vibration of the entire basilar membrane
Identify right statements concerning olfactory transduction (mind the proper order of events) that develops right after odorant:
Activation of G-protein complex (Golf)
Activation of the adenyl cyclase and synthesis of cAMP
Ca2+ opens Cl-outward channels that produce depolarization that reaches axon hillock
Generation of the action potential in cilia of the olfactory cells
Symptoms of cerebellar defects might be:
1. Resting tremor. 2. Ataxia, dyscoordination of voluntary and involuntary movements. 3. Flaccid paralysis. 4. Spasticity and exaggerated stretch reflexes. 5. Broad-based gait and intention tremor. 6. Atrophy of muscles. 7. Dyscoordination of only involuntary movements.
1, 2, 4
2, 5
4, 5, 7
3, 6
Which of following cells are cholinergic neurons of the Autonomic Nervous System (liberate Ach): 1. Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons. 2. Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons. 3. Preganglionic sympathetic neurons. 4. Postganglionic sympathetic neurons to gastric glands. 5. Alpha-motor neurons of the anterior horns.
1, 2, 3, 4
2, 3, 4, 5
1, 2, 3
1, 2, 3, 5
Parasympathetic system: 1. Produces contraction of the gallbladder 2. Increases velocity of conduction in the atrin of the atrioventricular node of the intrinsic conduction system of heart. 3. Produces contraction of detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder. 4. Produces dilation of airways (bronchodilation).
2, 4
1, 3
1, 4
2, 3
Anterior (ventral) spinothalamic tract is composed of (PROPER ORDER of NEURONS is required): 1. Neurons in posterior horn of the spinal cord. 2. Dorsal root ganglion cell. 3. Neurons in nucleus gracilis. 4. Neurons in ventral posterolateral nuclei of the thalamus. 5. Neurons in postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex.
2, 1, 3, 4, 5
1, 2, 4, 5
2, 1, 4, 5
Which of following phenomena are mediated by alpha-adrenergic receptor: 1. Intestinal relaxation. 2. Urinary bladder sphincter contraction. 3. Lipogenesis. 4. Bronchodilation.
3, 4
1, 2
Identify all true statements concerning threshold potential
Threshold potential equals -40mV in standard neurons.
Threshold potential is the minimum amplitude of the stimulus which is able to elicit action potential.
The lower the threshold potential, the higher cell excitability.
Threshold potential is the membrane charge able to open voltage gated channels initiating spontaneous distribution of excitation.
Identify right statements concerning phenomena that begin depolarization of the skeletal muscle cell:
Activation of nicotinic receptor of the skeletal muscle cell generates action potential of the motor end plate.
Binding of Ach to the nicotinic receptor produces end plate potential.
End plate potential of the sarcolemma of the skeletal muscle cell is produced by the ligand gated channel.
Activation of the muscarinic M1 receptor produces IPSP of the motor end-plate.
Rhodopsin is..;
The G-protein that breaks down cGMP.
Extremely sensitive to light. It begins phototransduction being entered by a single photon of light.
A metabotropic G-protein coupled receptor.
The ionotropic receptor gated by GABA (GABAC receptor)
Embedded in the membrane of free floating discs of the outer segment of the rod cell.
How far from the lens is the focal point of the eye, which refractive power is 50 dioptres?
50 mm beyond the lens.
25 mm beyond the lens and it is always located on the fovea
2 cm beyond the lens.
50 mm in front of the lens
Sentences related to afferent (ascending) pathways of the spinal cord:
All spinal pathways to cerebral cortex pass through transitional nuclei of thalamus.
They conduct exteroceptive, proprioceptive and auditory sensation.
Unconscious proprioceptive sensation terminates with mossy fibers on granule cells of cerebellar cortex.
Their second neurons can be located in spinal cord or medulla oblongata.
Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex:
Are excited by climbing fibers from the olivary nuclei
Collect efferent output from deep cerebellar nuclei.
Are located in molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex
Release GABA from their axon terminals. They produce inhibitory effect to deep cerebellar nuclei.
Nociception is conducted by:
Lateral spinothalmic tract
The same pathway as the vibration and fine, precise touch
The same pathway as the input from thermoreceptors
Pathways of concious and unconscious proprioception
Gamma-motor neurons:
They terminate in form of flower spray endings in peripheral part of the muscle spindle
Their bodies are located in intermediolateral part of the grey matter of the spinal cord (lateral horn).
They terminate in form of plate and trail endings on the nuclear bag and the nuclear chain fibres of muscle spindles.
They are lower motor neurons of the reticulospinal tract.
Sensory input to the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe originates from:
Mechanoreceptors of the vestibular organ.
Mechanoreceptors of the organ of Corti.
Annulospiral endings and flower spray ending of muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs
Nociceptors of the slow pain pathways.
Excitation-contraction coupling in SMOOTH muscle cells involves following events EXCEPT for:
Inward calcium current via the ryanodine receptor of the cellular membrane.
Activation of the IP3 receptor of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Shortening of sarcomere
Formation of calcium-calmodulin complex.
Which statements concerning audition are right?
Conduction deafness develops in effect of damage of the cochlea of the inner ear.
In conduction deafness, bone conduction of sound is better/longer than air conduction in Rinne test.
In Schwabach test, bone conduction of sound of the healthy examiner is better than bone conduction of the patient suffering from sensorineural loss of hearing.
In Weber test, sound lateralizes (is heard louder) toward defected ear in conduction deafness.
Lidocaine, commonly used agent for local anesthesia, blocks action of the fast voltage-gated sodium channel. Identify effects you expect:
It produces postsynaptic inhibition decreasing neural excitability.
It produces presynaptic inhibition within neural axons decreasing their threshold of excitability.
It increases the amount of GABA – spinal neurotransmitter producing IPSP
It has no effect on the threshold of excitability of neurons.
It creates anesthetic effect by interrupting of propagation of the exteroception, including pain, via nerves.
Which of following are elements of the reflex arc of the inverse-stretch reflex?
Alpha-motor neuron projecting its axon to skeletal muscle cells.
Excitatory interneuron of the spinal cord.
The muscle spindle aligned parallel to extrafusal muscle fibers.
Alpha-motor neuron projecting its axon to the flexor muscles of the ipsilateral limb.
Golgi tendon organ.
Sensory protoneuron of the dorsal root ganglion collecting input from A delta fiber.
Sensory protoneuron of the dorsal root ganglion collecting input from A alpha sensory fiber.
In myopia
Far point of vision can be located even 1 meter from the eye.
It is related to increased focal length of the eyeball.
It is related to decreased focal length of the eyeball.
Far objects are focused on retina while near objects behind the retina.
Near objects are focused on retina while far objects in front of the retina.
Identify right statements concerning SLOW PAIN:
It is modulated by inhibitory interneurons of substantia gelatinosa of the dorsal horn.
It is transmitted by unmyelinated C-fibers.
It is conducted via midline and intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus to the cingulate gyrus of the cortex.
It is not transmitted to the cerebral cortex, it reaches only limbic system and hypothalamus.
It is “bright”, easily localized pain, transmitted by Ad-fibers (A delta).
It is intensified by neurons of substantia gelatinosa (SG).
Left optic tract aggregates axons of ganglion cells from:
Temporal half of the left retina.
Temporal half of the right retina.
Nasal half of the left retina.
Nasal half of the right retina.
Both right hemiretinas (right halves of both retinas)
Which of following statements properly concern inhibitory interneurons of the spinal cord:
Renshaw cells receive the output from alpha motor neurons and perform their recurrent inhibition.
Inhibitory interneurons are involved in eliciting myotatic reflexes.
In effect of reciprocal innervation, inhibitory interneurons bring relaxation of extensor muscles in withdrawal reflex.
Inhibitory interneurons of the cord are mostly GABAergic, mediating IPSP and cellular hyperpolarization via GABAA receptor.
Purkinje cells in Basal Ganglia of cerebellar cortex ?
Receive efferent fibers from deep cerebellar cortex
Exited by climbing fibers
Inhibited by mossy fibers
Connected with caudate nucleus
What is true?
Granule cells strongly excites purkinje cells
Climbing cells are from inferior olivary nucleus
Climbing cells can excite mossy fibers
Granule cells are part of cerebellum
True about gamma motor neurons:
They maintain activity of Ia afferent
They detect the length of extrafusal muscle fibres
They produce contraction of nuclear bag and chain fibres
They stimulate the activity of Ib fibres
Location of cholinergic receptors:
Endocrine cells of medulla of adrenal gland
Sarcolemma of smooth muscle cells of urinary bladder
Sarcolemma of skeletal muscle cells
Sarcolemma of smooth muscle cells of systemic veins -
What statement is right concerning beta rhythm:
Appears when patients eyes are open
Low frequencies high amplitude in NREM sleep
Forms sleep spindles in EEG
Appears over occipital lobes when eyes are closed
Measured mostly on frontal lobe for conscious thought
Dark adaptation of the eye:
Degeneration of rhodopsin
Regeneration of light sensitive of rhodopsin
Constriction of pupil
Dilation of pupil
Increased sensitivity of retina for light
Right statements concerning visual acuity:
In the top row of the Snellen chart letters are separated by 1 arc. It can be read from 50m away
It is the nearest point to the eye at which an object can be brought into clear focus by accommodation
Is related to the smallest angle by which two points can be separated and still perceived as two points.
Is determined by ophthalmoscope
