Crust/Lithosphere

Mantle/Asthenosphere

Core

Divergent/constructive margins/boundaries

Convergent/destructive margins/boundaries

Ridge push

Slab pull

Sea floor spreading
extension – mid-ocean ridge

Island arcs

Subduction zones
extension – Benioff zones

Ocean trenches

Transform faults/boundaries

Seismic activity

Volcanic activity

Shallow/deep focus earthquakes

Fold mountains

Freeze-thaw action/Frost shattering

Exfoliation

Dilatation

Salt crystallisation

Hydration

Hydrolysis

Carbonation

Oxidation

Chelation

Humic acid

Effects of acid rain

Granular disintegration

Block disintegration

Joints

Bedding planes

Shear stress & shear strength

Free face, convex, concave slope

Heave

Flow

Fall

Slide slump

Soil creep

Slides (Landslide, mudslide, debris slide)

Avalanche

Rotational slip

Intentional (e.g. mining, quarrying, spoil heaps, stabilising slopes, coastal management)

Unintentional (e.g. effects of acid rain, deforestation, overgrazing by animals, landslides where favelas have been built on steep slopes)