nodal/ conducting cells

nodal/conducting cells are special cells that are able to

where is the SA node located

What is the first area to spontaneously depolarize, producing an action potential

pacemaker of the heart

The action potentials travel through the_______
to the _____ ______

from the atrial-ventricular node (AV node) it travels to the bundle ___ ______

From the Bundle of His, the action potential travels through the __________ ______

from the Purkinje Fibers the action potential finally reaches the __________ _________ and leads to contraction

Chronotropic effects

A negative chronotropic effect

A positive chronotropic effect

Dromotropic effects

A negative dromotropic effect decreases conduction velocity through the

A positive dromotropic effect increases conduction velocity through the

A negative inotropic decreases

At rest, a normal heart beats around 50 to 99 times a minute. T or F

Arrhythmias

sinus tachycardia

Sinus bradycardia

Supraventricular arrhythmia

In atrial ES the_ ______ is deformed but the QRS complex is normal.

In nodal extrasystole, stimulation of the atria is retrograde;the P wave is thus negative and is either masked by the QRS wave or appears shortly after it T or F

in supraventricular extrasystole the sinus nodes often also depolarized or repolarized

Automaticity

Increased automaticity could be due to

Reentry circuit

slow-conducting tissue could be due to

Ventricular premature complexes (VPCs

VPCs are the most common ventricular arrhythmia In this case the QRS complex of the extrasystole is deformed T or F

Premature ventricular contraction possible causes

ischemia

Myocarditis

hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Hypoxia

Hypercapnia

Mitral valve prolapse

Premature ventricular contraction
symptoms

Frequent episodes of continuous PVCs (Premature ventricular contractions) becomes a form of

ventricular tachycardia

Treatment of Ventricular extrasystole (premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC)

What are the Pharmacological Treatment of Ventricular extrasystole

Class 1 Agents

lidocaine

Class 2 Agents

how do Beta blockers worker

Class II agents include

Class 3 Agents

an example of a class 3 agent is

Class IV agents

Calcium channel blockers.

This class of pharmacological agents allow the body to retain adrenergic control of heart rate and contractility.

Class IV agents include

Atrial tachycardia

Ventricular Tachycardia

What is the bpm range for ventricular tachycardia

in ventricular tachycardia the Ventricular filling and cardiac output

PR interval in the normal heart,

damage to AV node causes slowing of impulse conduction and is reflected by changes in the PR interval. This is considered a

First degree AV node block

Second degree AV node block

Third-degree, or complete, AV node block

What are the are two principal types of myocardial cells

conducting cells

contractile cells

The contractile cells of the heart contain

Contractile Cells differ from skeletal muscle by

Contractile Cells are extremely efficient
at extracting

contractile cells are joined by

intercalated discs contain

gap junctions allow myocardial cells of the heart

Contractility

inotropism is estimated by

Positive inotropic agents produce an

Negative inotropic agents produce

Factors that increase contractility (positive inotropism

what happens when the heart rate increases

Sympathetic stimulation Increases the inward

Factors that decrease contractility (negative inotropism)

Heart murmurs

physiological Murmurs

pathological Murmurs

Abnormal murmurs can be caused by

Stenosis

Valve insufficiency

Causes and symptoms of atrial flutter

Atrial fibrillation and flutter

atrial flutter

atrial fibrillation

When the atria fibrillates what happens with the blood

Atrial fibrillation may also result from an

atherosclerosis

what is the plaque buildup in atherosclerosis made up of

Which arteries are affected by atherosclerosis

what are the causes of atherosclerosis

symptoms of atherosclerosis

complications of atherosclerosis

The hallmark of atherosclerosis is

atherosclerotic plaque contains

All stages of atherosclerosis—from initiation and growth to complication of the plaque—are considered an

Endothelial dysfunction

how are the plaques built in atherosclerosis

Preload

When venous return increases, end-diastolic volume_________ and stretches or lengthens the ventricular muscle fibers

Afterload

For the left ventricle: Increases in aortic pressure cause an increase in afterload on the____ ventricle.

Afterload for the right ventricle is equivalent to

Increases in pulmonary artery pressure cause an increase in afterload on the ______ ventricle

Saromere length

Sarcomere length determines the maximum t

Velocity of contraction is maximal when the afterload is

Velocity of contraction is decreased by increases

Frank-Starling relationship

Frank-Starling relationship is based on the

the mechanism that matches cardiac output to venous return.
The greater the venous return, the greater the cardiac output.

Increases in contractility cause an increase in

Decreases in contractility cause a

Isovolumetric ventricular contraction is also known as

Isovolumetric ventricular contraction begins with

How are the ventricles filled during isovolumetric ventricular contraction

The mitral valve closes when left ventricular pressure is

What makes Step 1-2 Isovolumetric

Step 2-3 Ventricular Systole

When does the aortic valve open during the cardiac cycle

Step 2-3 Blood is ejected into _____ and ventricular volume decreases

. The volume that is ejected in ventricular systole is

The volume remaining in the left ventricle at point 3 is

Step (3-4) is known as

At what point does the ventricle relax

When ventricular pressure decreases to less than aortic pressure, the_____ valve closes.

Late ventricular diastole is known as

left ventricular pressure decreases to less than left atrial pressure, the valve opens and filling of the ventricle begins

During what phase, ventricular volume increases to about 140 ml (the end-diastolic volume).

Increased preload
refers to

Increased preload causes an increase in________ ________ base on the Frank-Starling relationship

The increase in stroke volume is reflected in increased

Increased afterload
refers to an increase in

in Increased after load The ventricle must eject blood against a higher pressure, resulting in a

The decrease in stroke volume is reflected in _______ _______ of the pressure-volume loop

The decrease in stroke volume results in an _________ in end-systolic volume.

. Increased contractility

The increase in SV results in a_____in end-systolic volume.

Stroke volume

How do you find the stroke volume

How do you find the cardiac output

Ejection fraction is normally what percentage

ejection fraction

Cardiac Oxygen consumption is directly related

Cardiac oxygen consumption is increase by

In order for blood to be ejected from the heart, the pressure in the ventricles must be

When the pressure in the left ventricle rises above 80 mmHg

What is the pressure in the aorta

When the aortic valve open and receives blood the pressure increases to

ejection period

The first heart sound is produced by the closure of the

The second heart sound is produced by the closing of

third heart sound sometimes occurs in the middle of diastole T or F

What is the third heart sound caused by

What is cardiac output

At rest the cardiac output is

during vigorous exercise it can increase up to

stroke volume (SV) is the amount of blood pumped by

resting heart rate is

Which nervous system controls the heart rate and the force of contraction

the heart is innervated by

parasympathetic nerves are distributed mainly to

Sympathetic nerves are distributed

parasympathetic nervous system will decrease heart rate by

sympathetic nervous system ________ heart rate and force of contraction.