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kidney
the kidney achieves constancy of extracellular K+ concentration and of blood and cellular
kidney is the source for
Kidney reabsorption
kidney excretion
kidney secretion
What are the three parts of the kidney
nephron consists of
glomerulus
what it the renal tubule composed of
blood enters kidney through the
renal artery's branches
afferent arterioles deliver blood to
Blood leaves glomerular capillaries via
efferent arterioles deliver blood to the
the peritubular capillaries surround the
the peritubular capillaries reabsorb
Blood from the peritubular capillaries flows into small veins and then into the
juxtamedullary nephrons, the peritubular capillaries have a specialization called
vassa recta serve as
plasma is ____ (fraction) of the ECF
interstitial fluid is ____ (fraction) of the ECF
Total body water (TBW) is approximately _______% of body weight
The percentage of TBW is highest in
The percentage of TBW is lowest in
60-40-20 rule
Glomerular filtration
glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
Glomerular ultrafiltrate
glomerular capillaries are extremely permeable T or F
is filtered, but not reabsorbed or secreted by the renal tubules.
Reabsorption of glucose:
Na+-glucose cotransport in the proximal tubule reabsorbs glucose from________ ______ into the blood. There are a limited number of Na+-glucose carriers
Reabsorption of glucose: At plasma glucose concentrations less than 250 mg/dl, all of the filtered glucose can be reabsorbed because plenty of carriers are available; in this range, the line for reabsorption is the same as that for __________
Reabsorption of glucose:
increases in plasma concentration above 350 mg/dl do not result in increased rates of reabsorption. The reabsorptive rate at which the carrires are_________ is the transport maximum ™.
Excretion of glucose:
At plasma concentrations less than 250 mg/dl, all of the filtered glucose is_________ and excretion is________ . Threshold is approximately 250mg/dl
Excretion of glucose: At plasma concentrations greater than 350 mg/dl, reabsorption is saturated . the plasma concentration increases, the additional filtered glucose cannot be_________ and is excretes in the urine.
Na+ is filtered across the
the Na+ in the tubular fluid of Bowman’s space equals that
Proximal tubule-reabsorb _________, of the filtered Na+ and H2O, more than any other part of the nephron.
Proximal tubuleis the site of
The reabsorption of_____ and ______ in the proximal tubule are exactly proportional
Early proximal tubule absorbs
in the Early proximal tubule Na+ is reabsorbed by_______ with glucose
Middle and late proximal tubules
where is Na+ and Cl- reabsorbed together
Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle reabsorbs
Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the Early distal tubule are impermeable to
NaCl is reabsorbed without water in
since NaCl is reabsorbed without water in the loop of Henle tubular fluid Na+ and tubular fluid osmolarity decrease to less than their concentrations in plasma. this is called
Distal tubule and collecting duct together reabsorb__% of the filtered Na+
Early distal tubule reabsorbs NaCl by a
the Early distal tubule is also called the
principal cell reabsorb ____ and ____.
Principal cells secrete
Aldosterone increases
Antidiuretic Hormone increases ______ __________ by directing the in secretion of H2O channels in the luminal membrane.
In the absence of ADH, the principal cells are virtually impermeable to ________
alpha Intercalated cells-secrete
H+ adenosine triphosphatase (ATP ase) is stimulated by
alpha Intercalated cells reabsorb
Most of the body’s K+ is located in the
A shift of K+ out of cells causes
A shift of K+ into cells causes
K+ is filtered, reabsorbed, and secreted by the
K+ balance is achieved when urinary excretion of K+ exactly equals
Filtration occurs freely across the
Proximal tubule-reabsorbs 67% of the filtered
Thick ascending limb of the loop of henle-reabsorbs____%of the filtered K+.
Reabsorption involves the___ ___ ___ _________ in the luminal membrane of cells in the thick ascending limb of the loop of henle
Secretion of K+ occurs in the
Secretion of K+ depends on factors such as
On a high-K+ diet, intracellular K+ increases so than the driving force for K+ secretion also increases.-On a low-K+ diet, intracellular K+ decreases so that the driving force for K+ secretion decreases.
the alpha-intercalated cells are stimulated to reabsorb K+ by the
Hyperaldosteronism
Hypoaldosteronism
H+ and K+ exchange for each other across the __________ _____ ___________
Acidosis________ K+ secretion
Alkalosis __________K+ secretion
The blood contains excess H+; therefore, H+ enters the cell across the basolateral membrane and K+ leaves the cell. As a result, the intracellular K+ concentration and the driving force for K+ secretion decrease.
Alkalosis
urea is reabsorbed passively in the
ADH increases the urea permeability of the
50 % of urea is reabsorbed passively in the proximal tubule. What happens to the other 50
Phosphate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule by
85% of phosphate is reabsorbed
15% of filtered phosphate is
Parathyroid hormone inhibits
60% of Ca+ is filtered across
the proximal tubule and thick ascending limb reabsorb more than 90% of the filtered
the distal tubule and collecting duct reabsorb___% of the filtered Ca+ by an active process.
what increases Ca+ reabsorption by activating adenylate cyclase in the distal tubule.
Magnesium (Mg2+) is reabsorbed in the
hypercalcemia causes an increase in
hyperosmotic urine
Production of concentrated urine is produced when
Corticopapillary osmotic gradient-high ADH
Two-thirds of the filtered H2O is reabsorbed isosmotically (with Na+, Cl-, HCO3-. Glucose, AAs, ) in the
. Collecting ducts have high
Glomerulonephritis
causes of Glomerulonephritis
Causes:Acute Glomerulonephritis
Causes Chronic Glomerulonephritis:
Symptoms of Glomerulonephritis:
Treatment for Glomerulonephritis:
Pyelonephritis
symptoms of Pyelonephritis
treatment of Pyelonephritis
causes for Stones in the Urinary Tract
what is the inhibitor of stones in the urinary tract
About 80% of the stones are composed of
Stones are more common in people with
Treatment Stones in the Urinary Tract
The pain of renal colic may be relieved with
Two types of acid are produced in the body:
Nonvolatile acids
Nonvolatile acids
Volatile acid is CO2 and is produced from
Buffers
The major extracellular buffer is
the HCO3 buffer is produced from
Phosphate is most important as a
. Intracellular buffers
, deoxyhemoglobin is a better buffer than oxyhemoglobin
Reabsorption of filtered HCO3--occurs primarily in the
. H+ and HCO3 are produced in ________ ______ _____ from CO2 and H2O
Metabolic acidosis
Acidemia causes
hyperventilation is the respiratory compensation for
. Renal correction of metabolic acidosis consists of increased excretion
Metabolic alkalosis
Alkalemia causes
hypoventilation
Renal correction of metabolic alkalosis consists of increased excretion
