Design disciplines: Hydraulics - mechanical - geotechnical - operations and maintenance
disciplines are closely interrelated
hydraulic--> pipeline route- pipe size- operating P and T- number of pump stations
mechanical --> pipe material selection- pipe specifications - burial depth requirements
geotechnical-->surface loads - water crossings - buoyancy control- geo-hazard management
operations and maintenance --> control systems - operating tasks while maintaining integrity
Flow dictated by three conservation laws - MASS - MOMENTUM - ENERGY
4 independent variable define hydraulic states - Pressure - temperature- flow rate - density
4 equations are required to relate 4 independent variables
mass, momentum, energy and EOS are the 4 equations
1D form used to describe flow in pipeline
mass conservation equation slide 6 3A
cross sectional area can change due to P or T
Cp has a large effect on acoustic speed of pressure wave? ( Cp is the specific heat capacity)
momentum equation slide 7-8 3A
first term force due to acceleration
second term is force due to kinetic energy
third term is force due to pressure difference
fourth term is force due to gravitation
fifth term is force due to friction on pipe
darcy weisbach equation to calculate pressure drop due to friction
frictional pressure drop linearly proportional to density and friction factor
frictional pressure drop squarely proportional to velocity
frictional pressure drop inversely proportional to pipe diameter
equation for frictional pressure drop in slide 8
friction factor function of reynolds and pipe roughness
3 flow regimes --> laminar, critical, turbulent (partially turbulent & fully turbulent)
Re=density x velocity x diameter/viscosity
ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces
Re increases with increase in velocity, density and diameter
kinematic viscosity used more because independent of density
laminar flow friction factor --> slide 9
critical flow 2400
laminar independent of pipe roughness
partially turbulent depends on Re and pipe roughness
fully turbulent depends on relative roughness
JAIN'S approximation (use this)--> slide 11
Energy equation--> slide 12
first term is temperature change over time
second term is temperature change due to net convection
third term is change in rate due to expansion/compression
forth term is heat flow due to conduction
fifth term is the effect of work due to gravity
sixth term is heat due to friction
EOS defines relation between density, pressure, and temperature
EOS --> Slide 13
Assumptions --> no chemical change takes place- single phase flow - steady state
steady state: no significant change in pressure and flow remain constant
parameters included in hydraulic design --> Slide 17

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Normal-level (N-level) Oil & Gas Transmission & Storage Notiz am 3A - Fundamentals of Liquid Pipeline Hydraulics, erstellt von nada.h.aly am 27/10/2015.

3A - Fundamentals of Liquid Pipeline Hydraulics