Components of the cytoskeleton may include all of the following except
Microsomes
Microfilaments
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
The process of protein formation directed by mRNA is called
Translation
Transcription
Auscultation
Replication
The tails of a phospholipid molecule are
Facing the cytosol
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
Composed of amino acids
The duplication of DNA is called ______, the copying of DNA to mRNA is called _____, and the reading of the mRNA by a ribosome to make a protein is called ______.
Reproduction; duplication; initiation
Interphase; replication; active transport
Replication; transcription; translation
Replication; translation; transcription
Most of a cell’s DNA is located in its
Golgi apparatus
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Lysosomes
Which of the following is NOT a function of membrane proteins?
Bind to ligands
Regulate the passage of ions
Act as a carrier molecules for various solutes
Storage of cellular nutrients
Organelles that breakdown fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide are
Peroxisomes
Nuclei
Endocytic vessels
The components of ribosomes are formed within
Nucleoli
Mitochondria
Golgi complexes
Compared to the extracellular fluid, cytosol contains
A higher concentration of amino acids
A higher concentration of potassium ions
Almost no glycogen
A lower concentration of dissolved proteins
Renewal or modification of the cell membrane is a function of the
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
The potential difference across the cell membrane is known as
The membrane potential
The membrane difference
The cellular potential
The cellular difference
Cell membranes are said to be ______ because they allow some substances to pass but not others.
Doubly amphipathic
Impermeable
Selectively permeable
Which of the following best describes osmosis?
diffusion of water from a greater to a lesser water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane
Movement of water into a solute
Active transport of water across the cell membrane
Random movement of water due to kinetic energy
Special cells called ______ maintains tissues by unending cycles of cell division.
Omnipotent
Root
Stem
Cytogenic
The _______ of a cell membrane indicates how easy it is for substances to cross.
Thickness
Permeability
Density
Pliability
During this phase of cell division, the chromosomes uncoil, the nuclear membrane forms, and cytokinesis occurs.
Metaphase
Prophase
Telophase
Anaphase
The stage in a cell’s life cycle in which the cell performs it’s normal functions and prepares for division is called
Interphase
A solution that contains a lower osmotic pressure than the cytoplasm of a cell is called
Merotonic
Hypotonic
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Permanent altercations in a cell’s DNA that affect the nucleotide sequence of one or more genes are called
Changelings
Polymorphs
Mutations
Interferons
All of the following membrane transport mechanisms are passive processes except
Osmosis
Vesicular transport
Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
When the arrector pili muscles contract,
“Goosebumps” are formed
Sweat is released from sweat glands
The skin changes color
Shivering occurs
Which of the following happens if the body temperature rises above normal?
Blood flow to the skin increases
Evaporative cooling stops
Sweat glands activity decreases
The activity of a melanocytes increase
Accumulations of fluid within the epidermis or between the epidermis and the dermis is/are called
Scars
Pus
Keloids
Blisters
The clinical term for a bruise is a(n)
Infarction
Hemorrhage
Thrombus
Contusion
A bruise turns “black and blue” because of _____ in the dermis
The accumulation of pus
Hyperactive sebaceous glands
A lack of oxygen
Broken blood vessels
The layer of hard keratin that coats the hair is termed the
Cuticle
Medulla
Hair bulb
A child who skins his knee in a fall has a(n)
Incision
Puncture
Abrasion
Sensible perspiration is produced by _______ glands.
Ceruminous
Merocrine sweat
Sebaceous
Apocrine sweat
Wrinkles in individuals are the result of
Loss of elastic fibers in the reticular layer of the dermis
Increased keratinization of the epidermis
Decreased thickness of the dermis
Increased production of epidermis layers
Large quantities of keratin are found in the epidermal layer called the stratum
Basale
Lucidum
Corneum
Spinosum
Each of the following is a function of the integumentary system except
Detection of sensation
Protection of underlying tissue
Maintenance of body temperature
Synthesis of vitamin C
The protein that permits stretching and recoiling of the skin is
Elastin
Melanin
Collagen
Keratin
The layer of the skin that contains the blood vessels and nerves that are closest to the surface of the skin is the _______ layer.
Reticular
Papillary
Hypodermal
Epidermal
The layer of the skin that provides a barrier against bacteria as well as chemical and mechanical injuries is the
Subcutaneous layer
Epidermis
Dermis
Sebaceous layer
The layer of stem cells that constantly divide to renew the epidermis is the
Stratum Basale
papillary layer
Stratum Corneum
Stratum granulosum
Skin can regenerate effectively even after considerable damage has occurred because
Contraction in the area of the injury brings cells of adjacent strata together
The epidermis of the skin has a rich supply of small blood vessels
Fibroblasts in the dermis can give rise to new germinal cells in the epidermis
Stem cells persist in the skin even after injury
The _____ gland in the axilla become active at the time of puberty.
Axillary
The epidermis of the skin is composed of what type of tissue?
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Simple squamous epithelium
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Transitional epithelium
Which of the following is formed in the skin when it is exposed to the sunlight?
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin A
Vitamin B
An albino individual lacks the ability to produce
Carotene
Perspiration
One mole of any element has the same
Mass
Number of atoms
Weight
Number of electrons
The nucleus of an atom consists of
Protons
Neutrons
Protons & Neutrons
Electrons
The molecule O2 is known as
Oxygen
Oxide
Oxate
Organic
In hydrolysis reactions, compounds react with
Hydrogen, causing decomposition
Glucose, causing decomposition
Water, causing decomposition
Water, causing synthesis
The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by the
Size of the atom
Number of neutrons
Outermost electron shell
Number of protons
In chemical notation, the symbol Ca2+ means
A calcium ion that has lost two electrons
A calcium ion that has gained two electrons
Two calcium atoms
A calcium ion that has gained two protons
Chemical reactions that yield energy, such as heat, are said to be
Endergonic
Exergonic
Thermonuclear
Activated
Substrate molecules bind to enzymes at the _______ sites.
Reactant
Amino
Active
Neutral
Kinetic energy is stored as ______ energy when a spring is stretched.
Plausible
Probable
Potential
Positive
Atoms of the same element whose nuclei contain the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons, are called
Homotopes
Heterotopes
Heterotonic
Isotope
If the substance has a pH that is greater than 7, it is
Alkaline
Acidic
A salt
Of the following choices, the pH of the least acidic solution is
7.4
6.9
2
3.8
The alpha-helix and beta sheet are examples of _____ protein structure.
Tertiary
Primary
Quaternary
Secondary
Which of the following statements about water is false?
It is responsible for much of the mass of the human body
It contains hydrogen bonds
It has a relatively low heat capacity
It is composed of polar molecules
A dust particle floating on a water surface illustrates
Hydrophilic attraction
Chemical tension
Heat capacity
Surface tension
Molecules with two fatty acids chains and a phosphate group that form biological membranes are called
Diglycerides
Dipeptides
Phospholipids
Disaccharide
Glycoproteins and proteoglycans are combinations of amino acids and
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Fatty acids
A(n) ______ removes hydrogen ions and a(n) _____ releases hydrogen ions.
Base; acid
Compound; elements
Molecule; acid
Acid; base
A polysaccharide that formed in liver and muscle cells to store glucose is
Glucose
Glycogen
A glyceride
Fructose
When two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration synthesis,
A disaccharide is formed
A polysaccharide is formed
Two new monosaccharides are formed
Hydrolysis occurs
Which subatomic particle carries a negative charge?
Proton
Neutron
The atomic number represents the number of
Protons in an atom
Neutrons in an atom
Electrons in an atom
Protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
The formation of a cation and an anion is indicative of
An ionic bond
A nonpolar bond
A polar bond
A covalent bond
What type of reaction is A + B + energy —> AB?
Catabolic reaction
Equilibrium reaction
Endergonic reaction
Exergonic reaction
Which of the following increases the rate of a reaction?
Solid reactants
Cold temperatures
Absence of a catalyst
Increased reactant concentration
Which statement best describes enzyme function?
Enzymes can perform catabolic reactions only.
Enzymes speed chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.
Enzymes chemically alter both the reactants and products.
One enzyme can work on thousands of different substrates.
On the pH scale, which number has the highest concentration of hydrogen ions?
pH 1
pH 5
pH 7
pH 10
Which two organ systems work to maintain pH balance in the body?
Endocrine and nervous
Respiratory and urinary
Urinary and endocrine
Digestive and respiratory
Salts are held together by ______.
Single covalent bonds
Polar covalent bonds
Nonpolar covalent bonds
Ionic bonds
The monomer of the carbohydrates is ________.
Nucleotide
Monosaccharide
Fatty acid
Amino acid
A fatty acid that contains two or more double covalent bonds is ______.
Saturated
Monounsaturated
Hydrogenated
Polyunsaturated
Amino acids are the monomers for ________.
Proteins
Which of the following is the same among isotopes of the same element?
Mass number
Atomic number
Both the number of neutrons and the mass number
In the following chemical reaction, what is NaCI? NaOH + HCI —> NaCI + H20
Water
Acid
Product
Determine the number of protons in an isotope of nitrogen with an atomic number of 7 and a molecular number of 14.
7
10
14
17
Cytosol is also known as _____.
Blood plasma
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
The cytoskeleton
Intercellular fluid (ICF)
Which of the following is a function of a plasma membrane protein?
Oxygen transport
Promote fluidity of the membrane
Form a lipid bilayer
Molecular transport through the membrane
Carbon dioxide is a small molecule that moves through the phospholipid bilayer with its concentration gradient by ______.
Primary active transport
Simple diffusion
Active transport processes _____.
Move solutes from a higher concentration to a lower concentration
Require cells to expend energy (ATP)
Move solutes through the phospholipid bilayer without the use of integral proteins
Move solutes with or along their concentration gradients
Two types of active transport via vesicles are ______.
Endocytosis and exocytosis
Primary active transport and secondary active transport
Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion
Diffusion and osmosis
What organelle degrades old, worn-out organelle and cell components?
Peroxisome
Lysosome
Microtubules are composed of proteins subunits known as ______.
Myosin
Actin
Tubulin
Cell division occurs during ______.
M phase
G1 phase
G2 phase
S phase
During which phase of the M phase of the cell cycle does the mitotic spindle form?
During which phase of mitosis are sister chromatids separated when the mitotic spindle fibers shorten?
Programmed cell death is called ______.
Metastasis
Hydrolysis
Apoptosis
Neoplasia
A cell is placed into a 3% dextrose solution. At that concentration, the solution is isotonic to the cell. If the concentration of dextrose in the solution is increased to 5%, the cell is now in _______.
A hypotonic solution
An isotonic solution
A less concentrated solution
A hypertonic solution
If a cell has 18 chromosomes and undergoes mitosis, how many chromosomes would each daughter cell have?
9
18
36
72
Sodium ions are moving with their concentration gradient with the use of a protein channel across a plasma membrane. Determine the type of membrane transport used to transport these sodium ions.
The main components of the skin are the _______.
Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis
Dermis and hypodermis
Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, and the subcutaneous layer
Epidermis and dermis
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skin?
Thermoregulation
Vitamin A synthesis
Sensation
Protection
Which sensation is NOT detected by the skin?
Temperature
Light touch
Texture
Equilibrium
Which layer of the epidermis is characterized by prominent cytoplasmic granules in the cells?
Stratum corneum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum lucidum
Thin skin lacks stratum ______.
Granulosum
Where are blood vessels housed that nourish the epidermis?
The reticular layer of the dermis
Dermal papillae
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles
Stratum Basale of the epidermis
Which of the following cells is associated with the dermis?
Keratinocytes
Fibroblast
Dendritic (Langerhans) cell
Melanocytes
Which of the following is a yellow-orange skin pigment?
Cyanide
Hemoglobin
What stand hairs on end, causing piloerection?
Arrector pili muscles
Epidermal ridges
Epithelial root sheath
The cuticle around a nail is the _____.
Perinychium
Eponychium
Lunula
Hyponychium
Eccrine glands produce ______.
Sebum
Hormones
Cerumen
Sweat containing mostly water
Mammary glands are specialized _______.
Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
Ceruminous glands
Holocene glands
Skin without keratin would be more likely to _____.
Be unable to thermoregulate
Lose the sensation of touch
Burn upon exposure to the sun
Tear upon being mechanically stressed.