Articulations

Ligaments

Tendons

Cartilage

Sites where two or more bones meet

Areas where muscles attach to bones

Places where tendons and ligaments connect

Locations of bone marrow production

To give the skeleton mobility and hold the skeleton together

To protect internal organs

To produce red and white blood cells

To store minerals and fats

Structural - based on what material binds the joints and whether a cavity is present

Functional - based on movement the joint allows

Anatomical - based on the location in the body

Both Structural and Functional

Fibrous

Cartilaginous

Synovial

All of the above

Synarthroses

Amphiarthroses

Diarthroses

All of the above

Immovable joints

Slightly movable joints

Freely movable joints

None of the above

Immovable joints

Slightly movable joints

Freely movable joints

None of the above

Immovable joints

Slightly movable joints

Freely movable joints

None of the above

Sutures

Syndesmoses

Gomphoses

All of the above

Bones are joined by dense fibrous connective tissue

No joint cavity is present

Most are immovable, depending on the length of tissue fibers

They have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid

A joint found only in the skull, held together with very short interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock

A joint held together by a ligament with varying tissue lengths

A "peg in socket" fibrous joint with a periodontal ligament that holds tooth in socket

A joint that unites the bones with hyaline cartilage

A joint found only in the skull, held together with very short interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock

A joint held together by a ligament with varying tissue lengths

A "peg in socket" fibrous joint with a periodontal ligament that holds tooth in socket

A joint that unites the bones with fibrocartilage

A joint found only in the skull, held together with very short interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock

A joint held together by a ligament with varying tissue lengths

A "peg in socket" fibrous joint with a periodontal ligament that holds tooth in socket

A fluid-filled, diarthrotic joint

Bones united by cartilage

Like fibrous joints, have no joint cavity

Not highly movable

Include almost all limb joints

Synchondroses and symphyses

Syndesmosis and symphyses

Synchondroses and syndesmosis

Synovial and fibrous

Bones united by hyaline cartilage

Bones united by fibrocartilage

Bones united by dense fibrous tissue

Joints allowing free movement in multiple directions

Bones united by hyaline cartilage

Bones united by fibrocartilage

Bones united by dense fibrous tissue

Joints allowing free movement in multiple directions

Bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity

All are diarthrotic (freely movable) and include almost all limb joints

Have bursae and tendon sheaths associated with them

All the above

Articular cartilage, joint (synovial) cavity, articular (joint) capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, nerves & blood vessels

Articular cartilage, joint (synovial) cavity, muscle fibers, synovial fluid, reinforcing tendons, cartilage cells

Joint (synovial) cavity, articular (joint) capsule, muscle fibers, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, nerve endings

Articular cartilage, muscle fibers, joint (synovial) cavity, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, blood plasma

The shapes of the articular surfaces, the number & positioning of ligaments, and muscle tone

The amount of synovial fluid, the strength of the articular capsule, and bone density

The elasticity of the cartilage, the length of the tendons, and the flexibility of the ligaments

The size of the joint cavity, the presence of bursae, and the type of connective tissue

Types of bones that provide structural support

Fibrous joints that connect bones

Fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction between adjacent structures during joint activity

Types of cartilage that form flexible connections between bones

Bursae are flattened fibrous sacs occurring where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together while tendon sheaths are elongated and wrap around a tendon.

Bursae connect bones to each other, while tendon sheaths connect muscles to bones.

Bursae are found only in the lower limbs, while tendon sheaths are found only in the upper limbs.

Bursae produce synovial fluid, while tendon sheaths produce cartilage.

They consist of fibrocartilage covering the ends of bones and provide flexibility to the joint.

They consist of hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones and prevent them from being crushed.

They consist of elastic cartilage covering the ends of bones and allow extensive movement.

They consist of fibrous tissue covering the ends of bones and limit joint mobility.

They are large, air-filled spaces that provide cushioning between bones.

They are small, fluid-filled potential spaces that are unique to synovial joints and can expand if fluid accumulates from inflammation.

They are filled with cartilage that aids in shock absorption.

They contain muscle fibers that enhance joint movement.

It is two layers thick and encloses the synovial cavity.

The tough external fibrous layer is composed of dense irregular connective tissue.

The inner synovial membrane is composed of loose connective tissue that makes synovial fluid.

The inner synovial membrane is composed of dense regular connective tissue that makes synovial fluid.

Viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid

Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage

Contains phagocytic cells to remove microbes and debris

All the above

Medial, lateral, and posterior ligaments

Capsular, extracapsular, and intracapsular ligaments

Superior, inferior, and anterior ligaments

Long, short, and flat ligaments

Thickened parts of the fibrous layer of the articular capsule

Distinct ligaments found outside the articular capsule

Distinct ligaments found deep to the articular capsule and covered by synovial membrane.

None of the above

Thickened parts of the fibrous layer of the articular capsule

Distinct ligaments found outside the articular capsule

Distinct ligaments found deep to the articular capsule and covered by synovial membrane.

None of the above

Thickened parts of the fibrous layer of the articular capsule

Distinct ligaments found outside the articular capsule

Distinct ligaments found deep to the articular capsule and covered by synovial membrane.

None of the above

They secrete synovial fluid to lubricate the joint.

They provide structural support to the joint capsule.

They facilitate muscle contraction for joint movement.

They detect pain and monitor joint stretch and position.

The origin is attached to the immovable bone and the insertion is attached to the movable bone.

The insertion is attached to the immovable bone and the origin is attached to the movable bone.

The anchoring point is attached to the immovable bone and the junction point is attached to the movable bone.

The junction point is attached to the immovable bone and the anchroing point is attached to the movable bone.

When bones glide smoothly over each other

When muscles contract across joints and their insertion moves toward their origin

When ligaments stretch and return to their original shape

When tendons push bones away from each other

Fixed, semi-fixed, and freely movable

Nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial

Single-plane, double-plane, triple-plane, quad-plane

Limited, moderate, extensive, unrestricted

Slipping movements only

Movement in one plane

Movement in two planes

Movement in or around all three planes

Slipping movements only

Movement in one plane

Movement in two planes

Movement in or around all three planes

Slipping movements only

Movement in one plane

Movement in two planes

Movement in or around all three planes

Slipping movements only

Movement in one plane

Movement in two planes

Movement in or around all three planes

Flexion, extension, hyperextension

Gliding, angular movements, rotation

Abduction, adduction, circumduction

Supination, pronation, inversion

Rotating one bone around its long axis

Bending a joint to decrease the angle between two bones

Sliding the flat surfaces of two bones across each other

Moving a limb away from the midline of the body

Flexion and extension

Hyperextension and abduction

Adduction and circumduction

All of the above

Movements that rotate one bone around its long axis

Movements that increase or decrease the angle between two bones and may occur in any plane of the body

Movements that slide the flat surfaces of two bones across each other

Movements that move a limb away from or toward the midline of the body

Decreasing the angle between two bones, usually in the sagittal plane

Increasing the angle between two bones, usually in the sagittal plane

Moving a limb away from the body midline in the frontal plane

Moving a limb toward the body midline in the frontal plane

Bending the head forward on the chest

Bending the body trunk from a straight to an angled position

Lifting the arm in an anterior direction

Spreading toes apart

Decreasing the angle between two bones, usually in the sagittal plane

Increasing the angle between two bones, usually in the sagittal plane

Moving a limb toward the body midline in the frontal plane

Sliding the flat surfaces of two bones across
each other

Straightening a flexed limb or body part

Angling the neck backwards

Bending the knee backwards

Rotating the head left

Bending a joint to decrease the angle between two bones

Moving a limb away from the midline of the body

Sliding the flat surfaces of two bones across each other

Extending a limb or body part beyond the anatomical position

Moving a limb away from the body midline in the frontal plane

Moving a limb toward the body midline in the frontal plane

Moving a limb or finger so that it describes a cone in space

Turning a bone around its longitudinal axis

Moving a limb away from the midline of the body

Raising the arm laterally at the shoulder

Spreading the fingers or toes apart

Lateral bending of the trunk away from the body midline in the frontal plane

Moving a limb away from the body midline in the frontal plane

Moving a limb toward the body midline in the frontal plane

Decreasing the angle between two bones, usually in the sagittal plane

Increasing the angle between two bones, usually in the sagittal plane

Moving a limb or finger so that it describes a cone in space

Rotating toward the median plane

Rotating away from the median plane

Turning a bone around its longitudinal axis

It involves a rotational movement around a central axis

It consists of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction performed in succession

It slides the flat surfaces of two bones across each other

It moves a limb in a straight line away from the body

Turning a bone around its longitudinal axis

Moving a limb or finger so that it describes a cone in space

Sliding the flat surfaces of two bones across
each other

Decreasing the angle between two bones, usually in the sagittal plane

Medial rotates towards the median plane and lateral rotates away from the median plane

Medial rotates away from the median plane and lateral rotates towards the median plane

Medial rotates in a circular motion and lateral rotates in a linear motion

Medial rotates upwards and lateral rotates downwards

Supination involves the radius rotating over the ulna so the palm points downward, while pronation involves the radius and ulna being parallel so the palm points upward

Pronation involves the radius rotating over the ulna so the palm points downward, while supination involves the radius and ulna being parallel so the palm points upward

Supination involves the radius rotating over the ulna so the palm points upward, while pronation involves the radius and ulna being parallel so the palm points downward

Pronation involves the radius rotating over the ulna so the palm points upward, while supination involves the radius and ulna being parallel so the palm points downward

Dorsiflexion lifts the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin and plantar flexion depresses the foot so the toes are pointed.

Plantar flexion lifts the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin and dorsiflexion depresses the foot so the toes are pointed.

Dorsiflexion turns the sole of the foot medially and plantar flexion turns the sole of the foot laterally.

Plantar flexion turns the sole of the foot medially and dorsiflexion turns the sole of the foot laterally.

Inversion turns the sole of the foot medially and eversion turns the sole of the foot laterally.

Eversion turns the sole of the foot medially and inversion turns the sole of the foot laterally.

Inversion lifts a body part superiorly while eversion moves the inverted part inferiorly.

Eversion lifts a body part superiorly while inversion moves the everted part inferiorly.

The mandible is protracted when you just our your jaw and retracted when you bring it back.

The mandible is retracted when you just our your jaw and protracted when you bring it back.

Retraction is a portion of the body being moved forward on a plane parallel to the ground and protraction is a movement that results in the retracted portion of the body being moved on a parallel plane, back to its original position.

Scapular protraction pulls the shoulder blades together toward the spine and scapular retraction is when the scapulae move laterally away from the spine.

Elevation means lifting a body part superiorly and depression moves the elevated part inferiorly.

Depression means lifting a body part superiorly and elevation moves the depressed part inferiorly.

Elevation is a nonangular anterior movement in a transverse plane and depression is the posterior movement.

Depression is a nonangular anterior movement in a transverse plane and elevation is the posterior movement.

Bringing the thumb and a finger tip together across the palm

Moving the thumb in a circular motion

Moving the thumb towards the midline

Moving the thumb away from the midline

Plane and hinge

Pivot and condylar

Saddle and ball-and-socket

All of the above

The shape of its articulating surfaces are flat and the only type of movements it can make are nonaxial.

They have a cylindrical surface that fits a in trough and it uses flexion and extension to make uniaxial movement.

They have a rounded surface (axle) that fits into a ring/sleeve and it uses rotations to make uniaxial movement.

They have an oval protuberance that fits into an elliptical cavity and it is capable of biaxial movements of all kinds except rotation & opposition.

They have a cylindrical surface that fits a in trough and it uses flexion and extension to make uniaxial movement.

They have a rounded surface (axle) that fits into a ring/sleeve and it uses rotations to make uniaxial movement.

They have an oval protuberance that fits into an elliptical cavity and it is capable of biaxial movements of all kinds except rotation & opposition.

They have a concave surface that fits in a convex surface and it is capable of biaxial movements of all kinds (including opposition) except rotation.

They have a rounded surface (axle) that fits into a ring/sleeve and it uses rotations to make uniaxial movement.

They have an oval protuberance that fits into an elliptical cavity and it is capable of biaxial movements of all kinds except rotation & opposition.

They have a concave surface that fits in a convex surface and it is capable of biaxial movements of all kinds (including opposition) except rotation.

They have a spherical head that fits in a cup and is capable of multiaxial movement of all kinds except gliding and opposition.

They have an oval protuberance that fits into an elliptical cavity and it is capable of biaxial movements of all kinds except rotation & opposition.

They have a concave surface that fits in a convex surface and it is capable of biaxial movements of all kinds (including opposition) except rotation.

They have a spherical head that fits in a cup and is capable of multiaxial movement of all kinds except gliding and opposition.

The shape of its articulating surfaces are flat and the only type of movements it can make are nonaxial.

They have a concave surface that fits in a convex surface and it is capable of biaxial movements of all kinds (including opposition) except rotation.

They have a spherical head that fits in a cup and is capable of multiaxial movement of all kinds except gliding and opposition.

The shape of its articulating surfaces are flat and the only type of movements it can make are nonaxial.

They have a cylindrical surface that fits a in trough and it uses flexion and extension to make uniaxial movement.

They have a spherical head that fits in a cup and is capable of multiaxial movement of all kinds except gliding and opposition.

The shape of its articulating surfaces are flat and the only type of movements it can make are nonaxial.

They have a cylindrical surface that fits a in trough and it uses flexion and extension to make uniaxial movement.

They have a rounded surface (axle) that fits into a ring/sleeve and it uses rotations to make uniaxial movement.

Intercarpal joints

Elbow joints

Proximal radioulnar joints

Wrist joint and knuckles (metacarpophalangeal)

Elbow joints

Proximal radioulnar joints

Wrist joints and knuckle joints (metacarpophalangeal)

Carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs

Proximal radioulnar joints

Wrist joints and knuckle joints (metacarpophalangeal)

Carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs

Shoulder joints and hip joints

Wrist joints and knuckle joints (metacarpophalangeal)

Carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs

Shoulder joints and hip joints

Intercarpal joints

Carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs

Shoulder joints and hip joints

Intercarpal joints

Elbow joints

Shoulder joints and hip joints

Intercarpal joints

Elbow joints

Proximal radioulnar joints

Cartilage rarely repairs itself and the fragments may cause joint to lock or bind

Repaired with arthroscopic surgery to remove cartilage fragments which renders the joint less stable but more mobile (complete removal leads to osteoarthritis)

Caused when articular cartilage is subjected to compression and shear stress at the same time

All of the above

Reinforcing ligaments are stretched or torn

Partial tears repair very slowly because of poor vascularization

If torn completely, 3 options: ends of ligaments sewn together, replaced with grafts, allow time and immobilization for healing

All of the above

Accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and difficulty moving joint

Caused by serious falls or contact sports where the bones are forced out of alignment

Must be reduced to treat (aka bone ends returned to their proper positions)

Also called a subluxation

A partial dislocation of a joint

Inflammation of bursa, usually caused by blow or friction

Inflammation of tendon sheaths, typically caused by overuse

Over 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage the joints

Inflammation of bursa, usually caused by blow or friction

Inflammation of tendon sheaths, typically caused by overuse

Over 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage
joints

A partial dislocation of a joint

Over 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage
joints

A partial dislocation of a joint

Inflammation of tendon sheaths, typically caused by overuse

Inflammation of bursa, usually caused by blow or friction

Over 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage
joints

Inflammation of bursa, usually caused by blow or friction

Inflammation of tendon sheaths, typically caused by overuse

A partial dislocation of a joint

Most widespread crippling disease in North America.

Symptoms: pain, stiffness, and swelling of joint

Acute forms: caused by bacteria, treated with antibiotics

Acute forms: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis

Most common type of arthritis and is an irreversible, degenerative (“wear-and-tear”) arthritis

Joints may be stiff and make crunching noise referred to as crepitus, especially upon rising

Treatment: moderate activity, mild pain relievers, capsaicin creams

OA is not usually part of normal aging process

Osteoarthritis may reflect excessive release of enzymes that break down articular cartilage.

Osteoarthritis is characterized by inflammation of the joint capsule and excessive production of synovial fluid.

Osteoarthritis results from infection of the joints by bacteria or viruses.

Osteoarthritis is primarily caused by autoimmune reactions targeting the synovial membrane.

It typically affects joint at base of big toe and in untreated gouty arthritis, bone ends fuse and immobilize joint

Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft
tissues, followed by inflammation

Treatment: drugs, plenty of water, avoidance of alcohol and foods high in purines (such as liver, kidneys, and sardines)

All of the above

Steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to decrease pain and inflammation

Disruption of destruction of joints by suppressing immune system which slows the autoimmune reaction. Some agents target tumour necrosis factor to block action of inflammatory chemicals

Can replace joint with prosthesis

All of the above

Inflammation of synovial membrane (synovitis) of affected joint

Inflammatory blood cells migrate to joint, release inflammatory chemicals that destroy tissues

Synovial fluid accumulates, causing joint swelling

Inflamed synovial membrane thickens into abnormal pannus tissue that clings to articular cartilage

Inflammatory blood cells migrate to joint, release inflammatory chemicals that destroy tissues

Synovial fluid accumulates, causing joint swelling

Inflamed synovial membrane thickens into abnormal pannus tissue that clings to articular cartilage

Pannus erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms and connects articulating bone ends (ankylosis)

Synovial fluid accumulates, causing joint swelling

Inflamed synovial membrane thickens into abnormal pannus tissue that clings to articular cartilage

Pannus erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms and connects articulating bone ends (ankylosis)

Inflammation of synovial membrane (synovitis) of affected joint

Inflamed synovial membrane thickens into abnormal pannus tissue that clings to articular cartilage

Pannus erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms and connects articulating bone ends (ankylosis)

Inflammation of synovial membrane (synovitis) of affected joint

Inflammatory blood cells migrate to joint, release inflammatory chemicals that destroy tissues

Pannus erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms and connects articulating bone ends (ankylosis)

Inflammation of synovial membrane (synovitis) of affected joint

Inflammatory blood cells migrate to joint, release inflammatory chemicals that destroy tissues

Synovial fluid accumulates, causing joint swelling

Healthy cartilage found in joints.

Scar tissue formed after joint replacement surgery.

Abnormal tissue growth in the synovial lining of joints.

Fibrous tissue connecting muscle to bone.

Inflammation of the synovial membrane.

Abnormal bone fusion, leading to stiffness and immobility of a joint.

Degeneration of articular cartilage.

Excessive release of enzymes that break down articular cartilage.

Chronic and inflammatory

Has a known cause

Is an autoimmune disease (immune system attacks own cells)

Signs and symptoms include joint pain and swelling (usually bilateral), anemia, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, and cardiovascular problems