Which of the following should be the primary focus of early language intervention
for at-risk infants?

Primary motor innervation to the larynx and velum is provided by which cranial
nerve?

Federal laws regarding freedom of access to information stipulate that client
records kept or written by health care professionals can be

The speech reception threshold (SRT) is a basic component of an evaluation of
hearing function. Which of the following statements about the SRT is most accurate?

A clinician who employs active listening is doing which of the following?

Which of the following is the best action to take initially with a client who presents
with poor oral control of liquids and solids, coughing and choking while eating and
drinking, and a history of hospitalizations associated with pneumonia?

Ms. Brown, a 70-year-old retired female, was admitted to the hospital following a
CVA. The SLP conducted a comprehensive evaluation that revealed the presence of left-side neglect, anosognosia (denial of impairment), and visuospatial problems, including prosopagnosia (difficulty recognizing familiar faces). Although her auditory comprehension and repetition skills were good, she experienced difficulty with topic maintenance and turn taking. Based on the clinical features described, Ms. Brown’s diagnostic classification would most likely be

A client exhibits weakness, atrophy, and fasciculations of the right side of the
tongue and lower face. The client also has right vocal-fold weakness and nasal
regurgitation of fluid when swallowing. These problems are the result of damage to which part of the nervous system?

A child exhibits the following production errors.
w/r
θ/s
t/ʃ
t/tʃ
z/dʒ
t/k
d/g
If a target sound for initial intervention is to be selected on the basis of established developmental norms, then that sound will be

A public-school-based speech-language pathologist is employed in a state that sets the maximum caseload at 65. However, the clinician’s caseload is currently at 64 with a waiting list of 10 additional students. The school principal insists that the speechlanguage pathologist enroll the 10 students immediately, because the district cannot locate another clinician to assist with the caseload. Which of the following is the most appropriate way for the speech-language pathologist to address the situation?

Hearing loss in infants who are born with a cleft palate is usually related to which
of the following?

Children diagnosed as having specific language impairments are likely to exhibit
the greatest deficits in which of the following?

A 5-year-old girl with a repaired cleft palate has recently undergone a pharyngeal
flap operation to correct velopharyngeal incompetence, but she continues to use glottal stops, pharyngeal fricatives, and mid-dorsum palatal stops. Which of the following is the most appropriate action for the SLP to take?

A 70-year-old female has dysphagia characterized by poor posterior oral
containment of the bolus during the oral preparatory stage, causing aspiration before the swallow. Cognition and the pharyngeal stage of the swallow are intact. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment approach for the client?

An SLP receives a referral regarding a 4-year-old boy who uses two words
spontaneously and functionally, who began walking at 3 years of age, and who
responds to his name inconsistently. On the basis of the information alone, the SLP can legitimately conclude that the child’s communication profile reflects

Which of the following is the most important acoustic cue that distinguishes
between an unreleased final /p/ and an unreleased final /b/, as in “cap” versus “cab”?

John is a 4 1/2 year old whose consonantal inventory includes word-initial [ w ], [ m], [ n ], [ p ], [ b ], [ t ], [ d ], and [ f ]. He uses [ t ] for /k/, [ d ] for /ɡ/, [ b ] for /v/, and [ f ]for /θ/. He produces no consonant clusters. His word-final consonantal inventory consists of [m] and [n]. His word shape inventory includes V, CV, CVC, and CVCV. The information given most strongly indicates that the child has

Immediately following removal of a benign tumor from the base of the brain, a
76-year-old client exhibits severe nasalization and a weak, breathy voice. A fourmonth postsurgical assessment reveals no improvement. At this time, the remediation strategy for this client should focus on

A 4-month-old-infant who has a low birth weight but passed a neonatal hearing
screening was evaluated for development of communication skills. The speechlanguage pathologist found that the infant followed moving objects visually, showed interest in mouthing and banging objects, and began sucking in anticipation of eating, but failed to localize to environmental sounds. On the report to the infant’s primary care physician, the most appropriate recommendation by the speech-language pathologist is

Which of the following procedures would be effective in remediating a falsetto voice for an adult male with a severe bilateral hearing loss?

Cognitive therapy for stuttering focuses on which of the following?

A prospective client is described as a man in his forties who is under chronic
stress. He uses his voice extensively in daily life has a hard-driving personality, and
exhibits glottal fry. The client has the classic profile of a person at high risk for

Which of the following most accurately represents the etiology of cleft palate?

For which individual would a recommendation for an augmentative and
alternative communication (AAC) intervention be least appropriate?

Which of the following is an accurate statement about whispered speech?

Which of the following describes an important diagnostic distinction between
apraxia of speech and dysarthria?

Naturalistic teaching chiefly involves which of the following? Enseñanza naturalista
implica fundamentalmente cuál de las siguientes?

Which of the following muscles produces the opposing action to those that
produce velopharyngeal closure?

An otolaryngologist has referred a 45-year-old man for voice treatment following medialization thyroplasty for a paralyzed vocal fold. Which of the following is the most appropriate therapeutic strategy for the SLP to use?

Which of the following types of cerebral palsy is characterized by slow, arrhythmic
writhing and involuntary movements of the extremities?

In the treatment of acute Wernicke’s aphasia, the initial focus should be on

In the treatment of voice disorders, the chewing technique is used to do which
of the following?

An SLP is planning treatment for a 5-year-old child with multiple speechproduction
errors. The most effective strategy the clinician can use to treat the child is to

A teacher asks the speech-language pathologist for advice regarding a child
who talks excessively during class, rarely listens to instructions, and does work only intermittently. Attempts at alternative seating for the child have not been successful. Of the following, which is the most appropriate recommendation that the speechlanguage pathologist can provide to the teacher?

A 6-year-old child produces [t] for /s/, [d] for /z/, [p] for /f/, and [b] for /v/.
Intervention for this problem would target language at the level of

A correct-response rate of 51 percent on a two-choice picture-pointing task
would most likely indicate which of the following?

Which of the following areas needs to be evaluated first for a 5 year old
who says [pun] for “spoon” and [top] for “soap”?

For which of the following conditions is it most appropriate for the SLP to
recommend that the patient’s primary-care physician refer the patient to a prosthodontist for construction of a palatal-lift appliance?

Computer software that has been developed to facilitate speech and language
treatment can best be used

Which of the following is a typical symptom of cerebellar involvement?

A 42-year-old client with upper-and lower-extremity weakness and a diagnosis
of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is referred for a speech-language evaluation. The
evaluation reveals a progressive severe dysarthria that is characterized by imprecise articulation secondary to bilateral facial and lingual weakness, atrophy, and fasciculations; mild-to-moderate hypernasality and weak pressure consonants with associated nasal emission during speech; and strained, harsh, groaning voice quality with occasional inhalatory stridor. Speech intelligibility is poor. Which of the following will most effectively improve this client’s ability to communicate?

Which of the following communication disorders is most frequently associated
with significant dysphagia?

Language impairment in a child with Down syndrome is often determined by
comparing performance on one or more standardized language tests with the
child’s mental age, rather than with the child’s chronological age. Although mental age should not be used to specify the need for treatment, mental age can legitimately be used as a performance criterion because

Which of the following is the ratio of reinforcement that will most quickly cause
a newly acquired behavior to be habituated?

An adult client exhibits visuospatial disorganization, an inability to initiate
interactions, left-side neglect, and lack of facial expression. This combination of
symptoms is most likely associated with which of the following?

A physician told the spouse of a client that melodic intonation therapy (MIT) would improve the client’s speech considerably. The most appropriate next action by the SLP would be to

Which of the following muscles is primarily responsible for vocal fold
abduction?

A client has been determined to have poor upper esophageal sphincter
opening secondary to decreased hyolaryngeal excursion, following a lateral
medullary stroke. Cognitive functions are within normal limits. Which of the
following interventions would be the most appropriate recommendation for this
client as an initial course of treatment for the underlying disorder?

If a child’s language exhibits the phonological process of gliding, the child
might say [wɛd] for “red.” When asked, “Do you mean wed?” the child may
respond, “No! [wɛd]!” Such a response demonstrates which of the following?

Of the following sentences, which represents the greatest degree of syntactic
complexity?

Establishment of which of the following is most important in ensuring that the
results of any diagnostic test of speech or language are replicable?

Which of the following is the most reasonable standard to apply when judging
whether a client has achieved generalization of a targeted skill?

Which of the following indicates the goal of the Health Insurance Portability
and Accountability Act (HIPAA) ?

Laborious, halting, telegraphic utterances are typical of clients with which of
the following types of aphasia?

A videofluoroscopic study of a client with dysphagia revealed post-swallow
vallecular residue occupying more than 50 percent vallecular height. Which of the
following is the most likely overt symptom that the client will experience?

When treating a client who is using an electronic augmentativecommunication
device, the speech-language pathologist’s primary goal should be to

A 4,5-year-old boy has significant speech and language difficulties exemplified
by poor oral-motor control, slight difficulty in swallowing, high palate, poor tongue mobility, and fasticulation on protrusion. During an evaluation, the speech-language pathologist notes very poor paper-and-pencil grasp, poor posture, and an inability to complete performance tasks requiring fine motor control. To which of the following should the child be referred in order to obtain additional diagnostic information?

A clinician is working with the response cost strategy and she asked the child's mom to correct her son's disfluencies, telling him: "that sounds bumpy" and in the middle of his disfluency "to stop" and repeat it the word again. What is the clinician doing??

A 65 or 56 year old pacient with a post lingual hearing loss with meaningful words will receive aural rehabilitation is benefit from which of the following approaches??

Successful use of an alternative and augmentative communication system is based on such factors as selecting appropriate vocabulary, seating and positioning, and having a reliable method of controlling the system. To facilitate the most effective use of the system, clinicians most often advocate which of the following approaches?

Which of the following is most important for an SLP to do when assessing a child
who has an acquired brain injury?

Language intervention for a child at the one-word stage should be most strongly
influenced by a consideration of the child’s

Before an SLP initiates voice intervention, it is most important that the SLP gather
information about the

A client with anomic aphasia is a native speaker of Spanish with fair proficiency in English. Production of the word “shoes” as [tʃuz] on a repetition task is most likely due to which of the following factors?

An SLP has a consultation with a self-referred adult who has a fluency disorder. The client had been enrolled in treatment programs with the clinician three times before and had reached from 75 to 90 percent fluency before dropping out of treatment for various reasons. Thirty percent of the client’s syllables are spoken disfluently. The client also exhibits signs of depression and anxiety. Which of the following is the most appropriate action for the SLP to take?

Immediately following removal of a benign tumor from the base of the brain, a 76- yearold client exhibits severe nasalization and a weak, breathy voice. A four-month postsurgical assessment reveals no improvement. At this time, the remediation strategy for this client should focus on

A 4-month-old-infant who has a low birth weight but passed a neonatal hearing screening was evaluated for development of communication skills. The speech-language pathologist found that the infant followed moving objects visually, showed interest in mouthing and banging objects, and began sucking in anticipation of eating, but failed to localize to environmental sounds. On the report to the infant’s primary care physician, the most appropriate recommendation by the speech-language pathologist is

Which of the following is a type of perturbation that can be measured to determine
the amount of noise in the voice?

A 67-year-old male patient with no history of swallowing problems has undergone a cardiothoracic surgical procedure. Postoperatively, he is found to be aspirating while swallowing and is diagnosed with a left vocal-fold paralysis and left pharyngeal paresis. Which of the following is the most likely etiology?

A speech-and-hearing clinic has recently opened, but referrals are slow in coming. Which of the following would be most appropriate and effective for the clinic’s director todo first?

A 6-year-old child produces [t] for /s/, [d] for /z/, [p] for /f/, and [b] for /v/. Intervention for this problem would target language at the level of

Ms. Lopez’s articulation errors consist of the following: f/v, ʃ/ʒ, and s/z. On the basis
of these errors, the SLP should begin remediation that focuses on

A videofluoroscopic study of a client with dysphagia revealed post-swallow
vallecular residue occupying more than 50 percent vallecular height. Which of the
following is the most likely overt symptom that the client will experience?

Which one of the following is a homophonous pair?

The term coarticulation refers to which of the following?

A child’s speech analysis suggests the phonological process of consonant-cluster
reduction. Which of the following is the word you would most likely put on a word list used for treatment?

What is the muscle that exerts the pull that allows the Eustachian tube to open during yawning and swallowing?

Which of the following is an example of an entity + locative?

What are cartilages that are cone-shaped and are located under the mucous
membrane that covers the aryepiglottic folds called?

Which of the following primarily vibrate and produce sound?

What is the definition of fast mapping?

Approximately when is the past tense regular –ed mastered by typically developing
children?

The phoneme /k/ sounds the same perceptually to the listener; however, it is
produced in a slightly different manner in the words kitten, bucket, and cook. These variations of the /k/ phoneme are called

You would diagnose a disorder of fluency (stuttering) when the dysfluencies in
speech reach

Select the statement that is true of the response cost method

In correctly administering the pause-and-talk (timeout) procedure to reduce
stuttering, what would you do immediately following a stutter?

patient with a double voice, which is the perception of two distinct simultaneous
pitches during phonation, has

Injecting botulinum toxin (Botox) directly into one or both vocal folds (thyroarytenoid muscles) has been used for which of the following voice conditions?

What is true about Broca’s aphasia?

Repetition skills are better preserved in

Speech reception thresholds (SRTs) are

You gather a language sample, and find that Tommy often says sentences like “My
shoes hurting my feet today.” This sentence has

When the clinician screens Tommy’s language skills, she finds that he says things
like “I went store Mom’s car, bought apples.” This utterance has

Sara is reading a story aloud in her class. To make distinctions between similarsounding words like “I scream” and “ice cream,” she uses a combination of
suprasegmentals such as intonation and pausing, which mark special distinctions or grammatical divisions in speech. This type of vocal punctuation is also called

According to Brown’s stages, what is the last morpheme to be acquired by a typical
child?

Halliday described seven functions of communicative intent that develop between 9 and 18 months of age. Which of the following is an example of the heuristic function?

A child has been referred to you for an assessment of his pragmatic skills. The chief complaint of adults and children with whom he interacts is that he frequently gives commands and sounds rude and bossy. His classroom teacher says she is fed up with his bossiness and peers do not include him in their games. His father tells you that the boy frequently says things like “Take me to Chuck E. Cheese” or “Get me Mario Cart Wii.” The father would like intervention to help his son say things like “I wonder if we could get Mario Cart Wii at the store?” instead of giving orders. In therapy, you know you will need to work on the boy’s facility with

You work in early intervention with a child who uses holophrastic speech. This child

You decide to use gestural-assisted augmentative and alternative communication
with a child who has some proficiency in American Sign Language. Which type of
symbols would you use in this situation?

A child is brought for an evaluation because he is having difficulty producing /r/ and
/l/. In your report, you state that he is having difficulty producing

Linguavelars are produced by

You observe the following substitution errors in the speech of a 6-year-old client: w/l (e.g., waemp/laemp), j/l (e.g., jait/lait), or w/r (e.g., wabbit/rabbit). You explain to the child’s waemp/laemp), j/l (e.g., jait/lait), or w/r (e.g., wabbit/rabbit). You explain to the child’s mother that these are examples of

When a child repeats a pattern (e.g., wawa/water), it is referred to as

Stuttering in preschool children tends to occur somewhat more frequently on

An opera singer complains that she is unable to maintain adequate breath support to produce her optimal voice. You want to measure the singer’s lung volume to check for adequate breath support for optimal voice. You will need to measure ___________, which is the volume of air that the singer can exhale after a maximal inhalation.

Lisa, a 19-year-old college student, was in a car accident and was air lifted to the
trauma center at a local hospital. The paramedics at the accident scene had to perform an emergency intubation to permit her to breathe. A week after the accident, Lisa was discharged from the hospital and was breathing normally. A month later, Lisa returned to the hospital complaining of hoarseness and breathiness. The laryngologist performed an evaluation and noticed that Lisa had a unilateral localized inflammatory vascular lesion that had developed on the vocal process of her arytenoid cartilage. The laryngologist believed that the intubation may have caused

A patient complains that her voice is soft, hoarse, low pitched, and breathy. After
conducting an endoscopic evaluation, the laryngologist concludes that the patient has benign growths of thick, whitish patches on the surface membrane of the mucosa. The laryngologist asks his resident to diagnose the problem. The resident identifies the problem as

What is a pink or white wart-like growth that can be found anywhere in the airway
and can make a person’s voice sound hoarse, breathy, and low pitched?

A patient comes to you complaining of a sore throat and hoarseness. After talking to the patient, you discover that he also often experiences heartburn and acid indigestion. You consult with the on-call physician, who mentions that this patient’s gastric contents are spontaneously emptying into his esophagus. The physician’s diagnosis of the problem is

Which of the following is a homophonous pair?

When a normal distribution of scores shows that the mean is 100 and 68% of the
sampled children have scored between 85 and 115, the standard deviation of that
distribution is

Which of the following statements is false regarding a null hypothesis?

A researcher who developed a language acquisition test claimed that her test
measures what it is supposed to measure because the scores are progressively higher across age groups. She is claiming that her test has what kind of validity?

A clinician measured the number of misarticulations in a child’s speech sample in December, 2010. She went on winter break and came back 2 weeks later in January 2011, rested and refreshed. She decided to gather another speech sample from the child and re-measure the number of misarticulations. She did this to establish

The mode is evident in which of the following sets of scores?

In the phrase great zoo, the /z/ in zoo is devoiced because of the voiceless /t/ in the
preceding word. This is an example of

When a person is producing a voiced and voiceless /th/, the muscle that is most
involved is The

Which of the following muscles helps adduct the vocal folds?

A clinician who works in a skilled nursing facility has an 82-year-old male patient
referred to her. The patient presents with a mask-like face with infrequent blinking and no smiling, tremors in his muscles that diminish when he moves voluntarily, swallowing problems, reduced vital capacity, irregular breathing, imprecise articulation, short rushes of speech with variable and increased rate in segments, and difficulty walking. This patient has a swallowing disorder. The referring physician states that the patient has a weak cricopharyngeus, causing difficulties in passing the bolus through the cricopharyngeus muscle and past the 7th cervical vertebra. Most likely this patient has

The primary muscle of the lips is the

A U-shaped bone that suspends the larynx is the

Before a surgeon performs a glossectomy, she informs the patient that the cranial nerves that innervate the tongue muscles will probably be damaged. Which of the following cranial nerves that innervate the tongue muscles will be affected by the operation?

A patient with ataxia complains of difficulties maintaining balance and posture. The physician explains to the patient that the structure that regulates equilibrium, body posture, and coordinated fine-motor movements may be damaged. Therefore, the damaged structure is the

Peter has suffered a cerebrovascular accident (CVA); the neurologist reports lesions in the third convolution of the left cerebral hemisphere. Based on this, you conclude that the damaged area is

Sara has arterial damage that causes her to have cognitive deficits such as impaired judgment, problems concentrating, and difficulties with reasoning. According to the surgeon, damage to this artery can also cause a person to have paralysis of the feet and legs. Damage to which artery produces these effects?

A semi-vowel that can be categorized as a voiced bilabial glide that is + anterior and
+ continuant is the

The lowest frequency of a periodic wave is

When sound waves move from one medium (e.g., air) to another (e.g., water), it
causes a bending of the sound wave due to change in its speed of propagation. This
phenomenon is known as

A child who calls all tall and brown-haired men “Daddy” is exhibiting the
phenomenon of

The theory that asserts that each child is born with an innate language acquisition
device (LAD) is the

Which of the following would be true of a clinician who used Skinner’s behaviorism
as a foundation for her/his intervention with children with language delays?

You are treating a 4-year-old boy with specific language impairment (SLI) for
intervention. You notice that he omits all grammatical morphemes in his speech. Which one of the following morphemes would you target first in therapy with him?

Melissa says “clink” instead of “blink”; she produces an incorrect sound in place of
a correct sound. This articulation error is known as

On completion of an oral mechanism examination, the attending orthodontist
notices that her patient has a protruding maxilla and a receded mandible. The
orthodontist asks the student speech–language pathologist for a diagnosis of the condition. The student should diagnose the condition as

The diadochokinetic rate is used to evaluate

Speech samples of persons who clutter may contain such productions as “many
thinkle peep so.” This phenomenon is a

A 43-year-old high school football coach comes to you for an evaluation. He states that he has been hoarse for approximately 10 months. A subsequent medical evaluation reveals that he has bilateral lesions on the anterior third of the vocal fold. A nasoendoscopic evaluation confirms that the patient has developed

The disorders of the pharyngeal phase of swallow include

In assessing a patient with swallowing disorders, you would

A person who deciphers speech by looking at the face of the speaker and using
visual cues to understand what the speaker is saying is using a technique known as

A clinician measured the dysfluency rates of a client from a speech sample. She
then asked another clinician to measure dysfluencies using the same method she had used. The first clinician calculated a reliability index based on her measure and that of the second clinician. This index is a measure of

A researcher is describing the speech of a group of children who have been
diagnosed as clutterers. She finds that the faster the children speak, the less intelligible they are. The researcher obtains a Pearson r correlational relationship of -.89. This shows that there is___________________ between rate of speech and intelligibility.

Select the statement that applies to ethnographic studies.

A correlation coefficient

A client who stutters mentions to his speech–language pathologist that his social
life is limited. He states that “No one will talk to me because I stutter.” This is an example of the common defense mechanism known as

A researcher places surface electrodes on both sides of the thyroid cartilage and
passes a high-frequency electric current between the electrodes. The patient is asked to phonate while the electric current is applied to the electrodes. This procedure is called

If Abby has difficulty with homophonous pairs, she would have trouble
distinguishing between words like

He says sentences like “I ran to playground and my shoes got wet.” This sentence
has

The components of the vertebral column consists of

The source-filter theory of speech production states that

Various arteries help supply blood to the face and the brain. Neurogenic
communication disorders are associated with interrupted blood supply to the brain. Of the following statements about the arteries that supply blood to the brain, which one is correct?

Allophones

Consonants and vowels have certain distinct characteristics. Of the following
statements, which one accurately distinguishes the two classes of speech sounds?

Dynamics of speech production involve several important concepts. Select the
statement that accurately describes one of the concepts of speech production dynamics.

As you analyze a language sample, you find an utterance made by the child: “big
pizza.” This utterance is an example of which type of semantic relation?

As you analyze a child’s language sample, you find that she uses many instances of
recurrence. Which of the following is an example of recurrence?

What would a child whose utterance contained an embedded form say?

A teacher has referred a second grader, Delanie, to you. As you assess Delanie’s
language, you see that she has difficulty with word endings. For example, she says things such as “My candy is tasty than yours” instead of “My candy is tastier than yours,” or “He was happy than she was” instead of “He was happier than she was.” Delanie is having difficulty specifically with which aspect of language?

You are working with Chad, a 10-year-old child who has a language impairment. The teacher tells you that other students get angry with Chad because he frequently says things such as “Gimme that pencil” and “Move your books over.” As a clinician, what will you focus on in therapy to help Chad get along better with others and have improved pragmatic skills?

A child being assessed for a possible language impairment says to you, “My dad
put my shoes on my feet before he drove me to school.” This sentence has shoes on my feet before he drove me to school.” This sentence has

As you evaluate the language of an eighth-grade boy, Derek, and listen to him talk about his hobbies and interests, he says things such as “I like to play football, and I also like Mario Cart Wii” and “My football team won the championship last Saturday; later, we celebrated at a pizza place.” What has Derek just used?

A mother brings her 4-year-old child, Aubrey, to you for an evaluation. She says that at preschool, children have difficulty understanding what Aubrey is saying. The preschool teachers are concerned because they think Aubrey “is behind in her pronunciation.” Your evaluation reveals that Aubrey does indeed need intervention, and you decide the most appropriate approach is a type of therapy based on metalinguistic awareness. In this therapy approach, you will help Aubrey improve her acquisition of rules of the phonological system. What will you be using?

You are working closely with an orthodontist who frequently refers children to your prívate practice. Many of these children have protrusion of the maxilla and retrusion of the mandible accompanied by a condition in which the upper teeth from the molars forward are positioned excessively anterior to the lower teeth. What do these children have?

You find that a child you have evaluated uses a number of phonological processes. One of those processes is stopping. You know this when you hear the child make what substitutions?

Sometimes specialists assess the lung volume of voice patients because breath
support is inadequate. Specialists can measure __________, or the total volume of air in the lungs; other measurements can include __________, or the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal breathing cycle; and __________, or the volume of air that the patient can exhale after a maximal inhalation.