AMI

1

Match the artery to the supply of myocardium and leads of ECG
❌....R) Atrium, SA & AV nodes, Inferior wall of R) ventricle....Lead 1,2 & AVF
❌...Inferior wall of R) Ventricle, Apex of Heart....Leads 1, 2 & AVF
R) Posterior Interventricular....R) & L) ventricles, Posterior intermuscular septum....Leads ❌ (depression)
❌....L) ventricle anterior wall, Anteroseptal, Anteroapical....V1-4,
❌....Left Atrium, Left Ventricle, Anterolateral Wall...V5-V6, Lead 1, avL

R) Coronary Artery

R) Anterior Artery

R) Marginal

L) Marginal

L) Circumflex

L) Interventricular

L) Anterior Descending

Great Cardiac Vein

V1, V2

V4-V6

1

Macrophages which are transformed into foam cells, secrete cytokines which propagate atherosclerosis?

1

ST segment: The ST segment represents the time interval at the end of ( ventricular depolarisation, Ventricular contraction ) to the time of ( ventricular repolarisation, ventricular contraction ). At this time there is no difference in electrical potential, therefore there is no deflection, and this segment should be isoelectric.
Changes in the ST segment are caused by disturbances in repolarisation and may be reflected in elevation or depression of ST segment.
The ST segment is measured from the ( end, start ) of the QRS complex to the ( beginning, end ) of the T wave.

1

Which of these are characteristics of PR interval?

1

QRS complex: Normal duration/ interval ( 0.08- 0.10, 0.12-0.20 ) secs. The QRS complex reflects ( ventricular, atrial ) depolarisation (NOT ventricular contraction, which is associated with ST). Not every QRS complex contains a Q wave, R wave and S wave; it depends on the position of the lead and underlying myocardium.

1

Angina is caused by decreased blood supply within the coronary arteries causing . It normally occurs during periods of strenuous activity where the heart cannot meet the O2 requirements of the myocardial tissue.
Stable angina- physical exertion, to rest and medication
Unstable angina- does not respond to rest or medication
Variant angina- Caused by spasm

1

Treatment of angina is normally through?

1

The pathology of coronary artery atherosclerosis involves ( chronic, acute ) endothelial injury, endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle migration from ( tunica media, tunica externa ) to tunica intima, engulfment by ( macrophages, debris, lipids ), formation of foam cells, proliferation of SMC's and collagen.

1

Which layers will typically be first to undergo infarction?

1

List the most common pathological conditions affecting the pericardium?

1

GTN is A ( prodrug, vasopressor ) which first must be denitrated to produce its active form ( nitrous oxide, nitrous oxide synthase ). Nitrous oxide released increases ( guanylyl cyclase, adenylyl cyclase ) activity this results in increased cyclic GMP dependent protein kinase that activates MLC ( phosphatase, kinase ). MLC ( dephosphorylation, phoshorylation )-- VSMC relaxation.

1

B- blockers competitively antagonise B-adrenergic receptors in cardiac nodal tissue and myocytes. They block NA & A from binding. B-adrenergic receptors are couped to a G-Protein, which activates adenylyl cyclase to form cAMP from ATP. Increased cAMP activates a cAMP dependent protein kinase A that phosphorylates L-type calcium channels, which causes increased calcium entry into the cell. Contraindications to b-blockers are?

1

Aspirin irreversibly inhibits COX enzyme. Which line of cyclo-oxygenase will regenerate first?

1

Which factors does heparin inhibit in order to prevent the coagulation cascade form forming fibrin.

1

Warfarin inhibits activation of vitamin K via inhibition of vitamin k epoxide.

1

Dual therapy of and aspirin is used because the endothelial cells will eventually replenish the levels of prostaglandin and thromboxane, but can inactive platelets for a lengthy period of time until they are replenished by haemopoeisis.

AMI pathology and treatment

Macrophages which are transformed into foam cells, secrete cytokines which propagate atherosclerosis?

Which of these are characteristics of PR interval?

Treatment of angina is normally through?

Which layers will typically be first to undergo infarction?

List the most common pathological conditions affecting the pericardium?

Aspirin irreversibly inhibits COX enzyme. Which line of cyclo-oxygenase will regenerate first?

Which factors does heparin inhibit in order to prevent the coagulation cascade form forming fibrin.

Warfarin inhibits activation of vitamin K via inhibition of vitamin k epoxide.

Dual therapy of and aspirin is used because the endothelial cells will eventually replenish the levels of prostaglandin and thromboxane, but can inactive platelets for a lengthy period of time until they are replenished by haemopoeisis.