Which of the following factors greatly improves venous return to the heart during strenous exercise?
Rapid emptying of the right heart
Forceful action of the valves in the veins
Contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle
Peristalsis in the large veins
What results from increased secretion of epinephrine?
Increased heart rate and force of contraction
Decreased stimulation of the SA node and ventricles
Vasoconstriction in skeletal muscles and the kidneys
Vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels
Which of the following arteries branch off of the aorta?
Common carotid arteries
Pulmonary arteries
Coronary arteries
Subclavian arteries
Which of the following drugs decreases sodium and fluid retention in the body?
Warfarin (Coumadin)
Digoxin (Lanoxin)
Nitroglycerin (Isodil)
Hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDIURIL)
Which of the following are predisposing factors to thrombus formation in circulation: 1. Decreased viscosity of the blood 2. Damaged blood vessel walls 3. Immobility 4. Prosthetic valves
1 and 3
2 and 4
1, 3, and 4
2, 3, and 4
What drug is taken in small doses on a continuing basis to reduce platelet adhesion?
Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA or Aspirin)
Streptokinase
Acetaminophen
Heparin
What will a partial obstruction in a coronary artery likely cause?
Pulmonary Embolus
Hypertension
Angina attack
Myocardial infarction
Cigarette smoking is a risk factor in coronary artery disease because it _____.
reduces vasoconstriction and peripheral resistance
decrease serum lipid levels
promotes thrombus formation
increases serum HDL levels
Loss of blood supply in a limb may lead to ___________.
necrosis
ulcers
gangrene
All of the above
What does the term "arteriosclerosis" specifically refer to?
Development of atheromas in large arteries
Changes in coronary arteries
Degeneration with loss of elasticity and obstruction in small arteries
Ischemia and necrosis in the brain, kidneys, and heart.
A modifiable factor that increases the risk for atherosclerosis is ________.
sedentary lifestyle
female over 40 years of age
exclusion of saturated fats from diet
familial hypercholesterolemia
An atheroma develops from _________.
a torn arterial wall and blood clots
accumulated lipids, cells, and fibrin where endothelial injury has occured
a thrombus forming in damaged walls of veins
repeated vasospasms
Factors that may precipitate an angina attack include all of the following except________.
eating a large meal
an angry arguement
walking down stairs
walking rapidly up a hill on a cold, windy day
When comparing angina with myocardial infarction (MI), which statement is true:
both angina and MI cause tissue necrosis
angina often occurs at rest, MI occurs during stressful time
pain is more severe and lasts longer with angina than with MI
angina pain is relieved by rest and intake of nitroglycerin; pain of MI is not
What describes the basic pathophysiology of myocardial infarction:
cardiac output is insufficient to meet the needs of the heart and body
temporary vasospasm occurs in a coronary artery
total obstruction of a coronary artery causes myocardial infarction
heart rate and force is irregular, reducing blood supply to coronary arteries
What are the early signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction?
brief, substernal pain radiating to the right arm with labored breathing
persistent chest pain radiating to the left arm, pallor, and rapid, weak pulse
bradycardia, increased blood pressure, and severe dyspnea
flushed face, rapid respirations, left-side weakness and numbness
Which statement describes a coronary artery bypass procedure?
removing the section of an artery containing plaque and thrombus
compressing the thrombus with an inflated balloon to provide a larger lumen
attaching a section of vein to the coronary artery proximal and distal to the obstruction
adding pieces of vein to the end of each coronary artery
Calcium channel blocking drugs are effective in ________.
reducing the risk of blood clotting
decreasing the attraction of cholesterol into lipid plaques
reducing cardiac and smooth muscle contractions
decreasing all types of cardiac arrhythmias
What is the most common cause of death immediately following a myocardial infarction?
cardiac arrhythmias
ruptured ventricle
congestive heart failure
cerebrovascular accident
Why does ventricle fibrillation result in cardiac arrest?
delayed conduction through the AV node blocks ventricular stimulation
insufficient blood is supplied to the myocardium
the ventricles contract before the atria
parasympathetic stimulation depresses the SA node
What happens in the lungs after the diaphragm relaxes?
air is forced out of the lungs
lung volume increases
intrapulmonic pressure decreases
intrapleural pressure decreases
Which of the following activities does not require muscle contractions and energy?
Quiet inspiration
Forced Inspiration
Quiet expiration
Forced expiration
What is the maximum volume of air a person can exhale after a maximum inspiration?
Expiratory reserve volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Total lung capacity
Vital capacity
Which of the following causes bronchodilation?
Epinephrine
Histamine
Parasympathetic nervous system
Drugs that block beta-2 adrenergic receptors
What does the term "hemoptysis" refer to?
Thick, dark red sputum associated with pneumococcal infection
Reddish-brown granular blood found in vomitus
Bright red streaks of blood in frothy sputum
Bloody exudate in the pleural cavity
What does "orthopnea" mean?
Very deep, rapid respirations
Difficulty breathing in a recumbent position
Waking up suddenly, coughing and struggling to breathe
Noisy breathing with stridor or rhonchi
How is acute sinusitis usually manifested?
Serous nasal discharge and chronic cough
Copious frothy sputum an dsyspnea
Severe localized pain and tenderness in the face
Fetid breath and sore throat
What are early signs and symptoms of infectious rhinitis?
Purulent nasal discharge and periorbital pain
Serous nasal discharge, congestion, and sneezing
Copious purulent sputum, particularly in the mornings
Harsh barking cough and wheezing
What are typical signs and symptoms of epiglottitis?
Hyperinflation of the chest and stridor
Hoarse voice and barking cough
Sudden fever, sore throat, and drooling saliva
Sneezing, mild cough, and fever
What is the most common cause of viral pneumonia?
Rhinovirus
Influenza virus
Haemophilus influenza
Pneumoccocus
Which of the following is a major factor contributing to the current increase in cases of tuberculosis?
Increased use of BCG vaccine
The increase of immunodeficient individuals
The lack of effective medications
Increased use of pasteurized milk
Cystic Fibrosis is transmitted as a ____________.
X-link recessive gene
autosomal recessive gene
autosomal dominant gene
chromosomal defect
Persistent thick mucus in the bronchioles of a child with cystic fibrosis may cause which of the following? 1. Air trapping 2. Atelectasis 3. Repeated infectious 4. Irreversible damage to tissue
1 and 2
Destruction of alveolar walls and septae is typical of __________.
chronic bronchitits
acute asthma
emphysema
asbestosi
What is the cause of chronic bronchitis?
Chronic irritation, inflammation, and infection of the larger airways
A genetic defect causing excessive production of mucus
Hypersensitivity to parasympathtic stimulation in the bronchi
Deficit of enzymes preventing tissue degeneration
Which of the following would be significant signs of bronchiectasis?
Persistent nonproductive cough, dyspnea, and fatigue
Persistent purulent nasal discharge, fever, and cough
Chronic cough producing large quantities of purulent sputum
Wheezing and Stridor
Which is the common source of a pulmonary embolus?
Mural thrombus from the left ventricle
Thrombus attached to atheromas in the aorta or iliac arteries
Thrombus forming in the femoral veins
A blood clot in the pulmonary vein
When does flail chest occur?
An open puncture wound involves the pleural membranes
The visceral pleura is torn by a fractured rib
Several ribs are fractured at two sites
Increasing fluid in the pleural cavity causes atelectasis
Infant respiratory distress syndrome results form______.
insufficient surfactant production
incomplete expiration shortly after birth
retention of fluid in the lungs after birth
immature neural control of repirations
Obstruction in the upper airway would be indicated by_______.
Stidor
Rales
Wheezing
Orthopnea
