Social Stratification is a concept that refers to
specialization in productive work
ranking categories of people in a hierarchy.
the idea that some people are more talented than others
All of these responses are correct.
Using the sociological perspective, we see that social stratification
gives some people more privileges and opportunities than others
places everyone on a level playing field
ensures that hard work will lead people to become wealthy
A caste system is defined as
social stratification based on ascription, or birth.
social stratification based on personal achievement
a meritocracy
the concept "meritocracy" refers to social stratification
with no social mobility
in which people "know their place"
based entirely on personal merits
as found in the United States
The degree of status consistency is
higher in caste than class systems
the same in all types of social stratification
higher in class than caste systems
higher the more productive a society is
The concept structural social mobility refers to
cultural beliefs that justify social stratification
change in social position due to people's own efforts
change in the social position of many people due to changes in the society itself
change in family's social position from one generation to the next
Ideology, or cultural beliefs that support social stratification, is found in
caste systems
class systems
both class and caste systems
only U.S. society
According to the Davis-Moore thesis
complete equality is functional for everyday society
the more inequality a society has the more productive it is.
more important jobs must provide enough rewards to attract the talent necessary to perform them
meritocracy is less productive than a caste system
According to Karl Marx, social stratification in a capitalist society always involves
class conflict
negotiation and compromise leading to stability
the abolition of work itself
all of these responses are correct
Weber claimed that agrarian societies gives special importance to which dimension of social equality?
economic class
social prestige or honor
power
control of information
the concept "conspicuous consumption" refers to
buying things that are popular with the most people
buying more than what you need for the moment
the practice of buying things to make a statement about one's social position
acting as if one had a lower social position than is really the case
If you follow the lead of Max Weber, you would think of social stratification in terms of
a multidimensional status hierarchy
two major social classes
a middle-class society
six different social classes
Relative poverty
is found everywhere
is life threatening
is not found in the United States
All of the responses are correct
The concept "feminization of poverty" refers to the fact that, in the United States
more and more women are becoming poor
today's women have fewer legal rights
women make up an increasing percentage of the poor
fewer women work now for income
High-income nations
are the forefront of the Information Revolution
make use of factories, big machinery, and advanced technology
contain almost all the world's financial markets
All of these answers are correct
Absolute Poverty is
most common in large nations such as the United States
the same as relative poverty
life threatening
found only in the poorest nations
Which type of slavery refers to one person owning another?
Chattel slavery
child slavery
debt bondage
servile forms of marriage
Which type of slavery consists of employers holding workers accountable by paying them to little to cover their debts?
chattel slavery
The concept of "colonialism" refers to the process by which
rich nations share advanced technology with poor countries
some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of others
poor nations force an end to control by other nations
companies operate in many countries at one time
The concept of "neocolonialism" refers to the process by which
countries gain new colonies to replace older ones
countries rid themselves of former colonies
multinational corporations exploit the economy of a poor country
Modernization theory claims that
poor nations can never become rich in today's world
the main causes of poverty involve culture and technology
the main causes of poverty include multinational corporations
most poor nations were richer in the past
According to Walt Rostow nations begin at the _______ stage of development and may eventually reach the stage of _______.
drive to technological maturity; take -off
traditional; high mass consumption
high mass consumption; take-off
take-off; drive to technological maturity
Dependency theory differs from modernization theory by
making poor nations responsible for their own fate
supporting capitalism as a path to development
explaining global inequality in terms of the exploitation of poor countries by rich countries
claiming that economic development is not a desirable goal
The modernization theory focuses on ________, dependency theory focuses_________
poor nations; rich nations
the future; the past
production of wealth; distribution of wealth
The concept of gender refers to
the degree of inequality between men and women in a society
the secondary sex characteristics of individuals
the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male
patterns of sexual orientation
On average young men show greater _________ ability than young women; young women show greater _________ ability than young men.
intellectual; sensory
mathematical; verbal
verbal; mathematical
sensory; intellectual
Which of the following concepts refers to social organization in which males dominate females?
patriarchy
matriarchy
monarchy
oligarchy
Which of the following factors has helped increase the share of women in the paid labor force over the course of the last century?
the increase in the number of people working on farms
a high divorce rate
the increasing size of U.S. families
the fact that working women earn more than working men
The concept of "glass ceiling" refers to
the barrier that prevents women from being promoted
the fact that women's dreams are easily broken
the fact that cleaning the home is all most women do
the barrier that keeps women in service work
The "beauty myth" refers to the idea that
women learn to measure their personal importance in terms of physical appearance
beauty is in the eye of the beholder
women prefer men who are physically attractive
women today are as physically attractive as today's men are
What is a reason to see women as a minority in the United States?
at every class level, women have less income, wealth, education, and power than men do
almost all women see themselves as a minority
in the United States, men out number women
all of the responses are correct
Sexual harassment is an important social issue because
it actually targets men more often than women
half of working women report receiving unwanted sexual attention
it almost always involves blatant threats
Structural-functional analysis points out that industrialization encourages
men to take control of the workplace
growing gender equality
women to have more children
All of these responses are correct
Feminists support all but one of the following. Which is the statement that feminists do not support?
ending gender stratification
ending sexual violence
weakening the importance of gender in people's lives
limiting sexual freedom
Sociologists define the concept of "race" as
people who fall into any minority category
a person's skin color
a cultural heritage shared by a category of people
a socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important
Why do sociologists consider the "scientific" racial types of Caucasian, Mongoloid, and Negroid to be misleading and even harmful?
Every society's population contains a lot of genetic mixture
Various racial categories are genetically very much alike
The skin color of Caucasian people ranges from very light to very dark
Which of the following concepts refers to a shared cultural heritage?
race
minority
ethnicity
stereotype
Race refers to ________ considered important by a society; ethnicity refers to ________.
cultural traits; biological traits
biological traits; cultural traits
differences; what we have in common
what we have in common; differences
Which of the following concepts refers to a category of people, distinguished by physical or cultural traits, who are socially disadvantaged?
ethnic category
racial category
out-group
You are expressing a "stereotype" if you
make any generalization about anyone
apply a simplified description to every person in some category
hold an opinion about someone based on personal experience
treat everybody in an unkind way
Scapegoat theory state stat prejudice is created by
cultural beliefs
high levels of immigration
frustration among disadvantaged people
people with rigid personalities
Conflict theory states that prejudice is
a tool used by powerful people to oppress others
built in to culture itself
common among immigrants
common among certain people with rigid personalities
While prejudice is a mater of ______, discrimination is a matter of _______.
biology;culture
attitude; action
choice; social structure
abnormality; what a society considers normal
Assimilation refers to the process by which
people become more tolerant of minorities
minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture
all minority categories become more equal in social standing
people regain their lost cultural heritage
What Gunnar Mydral called the "American dilemma" was
the denial of basic rights to African Americans by a so-called "democratic society"
the placing of Native Americans on reservations
the restriction of immigration by a nation that was built by immigrants
the refusal of many minorities to improve their social standing
The family is a social institution that is found in
most, but not all, societies
about half of human societies in the world today
high-income nations, but not in most low-income nations
every society
The U.S. Census Bureau defines the "family" as
people who live together
people who engage in economic cooperation
people living together who are linked by birth, marriage, or adoption
people who consider themselves to be a family
A family that includes parents, children and other kin is called
a nuclear family
an extended family
a family of affinity
a conjugal family
The concept "endogamy" refers to marriage between
people of the same sex
people of different social categories
people of the same social category
people related by birth
The incest taboo
exists only in industrial societies
is found in all societies
is found among all living species
In the United States, romantic love
is the reason most people expect to marry
is not a very stable foundation for marriage
may contribute to a high divorce rate
