The Crusader States and the Second Crusade, 1119 - 1149

What dispute over this place in Outremer continued to deprive the Crusader states of Byzantine support. It was also the focus of the greatest Muslim threat.

What Northern Syrian city threatened Antioch. And it also ruled by Ridwan, Il- Ghazi and then Balak.

What port city was conquered in 1124 with the aid of Venice, reducing the power of the Fatimid fleets.

What were vital in providing naval support that allowed the conquest of the Levantine coast.

What organisation which included the Hospitallers and Templars. They played an increasing military role but were of early use of generating financial aid.

Which group of Shia Muslims invaded repeatedly (at the Battles of Ramlah) but were driven back. Their navy posed the biggest threat. The continued division between them and the Turks was helpful to the Franks.

What renegade group of fanatical Shia Muslims inadvertently aided the Franks by killing many prominent Sunni Muslims such as Bursq in 1126.

What council established many of the laws of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Many concerned the interaction of Muslims and Franks.

What were established in 1113 from a pre-Crusades organisation dedicated to healing sick pilgrims. Which later developed a military aspect.

Who was the ruler of Damascus from 1104 to 1128, he opposed the crusader states until 1115 and then allied with Jerusalem against the forces of the Sultan.

At which battle did Roger of Antioch defeat Bursq's invading Seljuk army, sent by the sultan in 1115. Roger had forged a temporary alliance with Tughtegin and Il- Ghazi.

Who was the Turkish Artuqid ruler of Mardin from 1107 and Aleppo from 1117 who allied with Muslims but also with Franks. In 1115 he allied with Roger of Antioch against Bursq but in 1119 he defeated him at the Field of Blood.

Who was the Aleppan Sunni preacher who inspired Muslim troops before Il-Ghazi's victory at the Field of Blood in 1119. In 1125 the assassins killed him.

What was a major source of income for the crusader states, it was important for both religious and economic reasons that they were protected.

When were a large group of 300 Christian pilgrims massacred by Muslims at this time, contributing to the Templars' foundation.

A force of 100 knights led by this ruler of this French county, Fulk, arrived in Outremer to fight Muslims for one year in 1120.

Who was the ruler of Hamadhan in Iran that the sultan had ordered to reconquer Syria and Palestine in 1115, he was resisted by Turks and Franks alike.

Who was the ruler of Aleppo from 1122, he captured Baldwin II but was killed in 1124 fighting his own followers before he could relieve Tyre from the Franks.

Who was the highly capable vizier of Fatimid Egypt, and was murdered in 1121 the Assassins were held responsible.

Which crusade was diverted in Anatolia by a failed attempt to rescue Bohemond and a unified host of Turks led by Kilij Arslan largely destroyed it at Mersivan.

Pope Calixtus launched this crusade in response to the Field of Blood, it was largely dominated by the Venetians and assisted the capture of Tyre in 1124.

Who was the constable of the Kingdom of Jerusalem until 1123, he played a major role in running it during Baldwin II absence.

What Frankish force led by Eustace Grenier crushed a Fatimid army from Egypt at this place between Ascalon and Jaffa in 1123.

Where was the site of a major victory for Baldwin II in 1125 against the forces of Bursq and Tughtegin of Damascus.

Which Christians were situated in the county of Tripoli and the northernmost parts of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, they eventually came to accept communion with Rome.

Which group were numerous in the states of Antioch and Edessa, they had their own church liturgy but forged good relations with the Franks.

Who were followers of the Syrian Othodox Church who had broken away from Constantinople in the 5th century, and their relations with the Franks were relatively amicable.

What Arabic speaking Greek Orthodox Church were the largest of the indigenous Christians. They were in communion with Constantinople and saw the Byzantine emperor as their protector.

Who was the count of Jaffa and favourite of Melisendre, it was rumoured they were having an affair. In 1134 he led a rebellion and was exiled, Fulk allegedly arranged a failed assassination attempt and this incident caused much tension.

Who was Bohemond's son, and took control of Antioch in 1126 he married Alice and had a daughter Constance. He then died in battle in 1130.

Who was the governor that Fulk imposed upon Antioch following the death of Bohemond II to restore order and to undermine Alice.

Where was one of the bases from which Pons of Tripoli unsuccessfully attacked Fulk in 1132.

Who was the count of Tripoli (1112-1137) he allied with Baldwin II against Il-Ghazi in 1119, he also helped besiege Tyre in 1124 during Baldwin's captivity.

Who was the Count of Tripoli (1137-1152), he established the hospitallers as a force in his county in the 1130's.

What was a major castle which was given to the Hospitallers by Raymond II of Tripoli in 1142.

Which castle was built during the reign of Fulk in Oultrejordain to control the trade routes from Damascus to Egypt and Mecca.

Which castle built in 1135 to ensure control over the ports Caesarea and Jaffa. It was granted to the Hospitallers in 1136.

This area was captured by Fulk in 1139 and this castle was built quickly to secure control of Sidon in the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Who was the latin patriarch of Antioch between 1100 and 1135, he had replaced Greek John the Oxite and his presence was a major insult to the Byzantines.

Who was the second daughter of Baldwin II, after her husbands death Bohemond II she attempted to rule Antioch as regent for their daughter but there was resistance to this.

In what place was Fulk defeated in battle by Zengi in 1137. The Frankish castle was lost to Zengi.

What Muslim city in 1138 did John II siege unsuccessfully because of lack of support from Raymond II of Antioch and Josecelin II of Edessa.

John II intended to create a principality including these as well as Shaizar and Aleppo to trade for control of Antioch.

What group of Turks became involved with Josecelin II which distracted him from the defence of Edessa in the early 1140's.

Which prince and ruler of Antioch from 1136 - 1149 failed to support the count of Edessa.

Who was the atabeg of Mousl and Aleppo who increasingly threatened to dominate Northern Syria, he fought against Damascus and captured Edessa in December 1144.

Which city was usually a Muslim ally of Jerusalem as a consequence of a fear of Zengi.

What city was a potential target for the second crusade. It was held by the Fatimids and was the only coastal city still in Muslim hands.

This was the capital of the first established crusader state, it was isolated and heavily exposed to Turkish attack.

Who was the count of Edessa who lost the city to Zengi, he was absent at the time (December 1144).

One major issue of contention between Josecelin II of Edessa and Raymond of Antioch, was that Josecelin II refused to accept Raymond as his feudal superior.

What was the favourite residence of the Count of Edessa, it was a long way from the city and made fast intervention difficult.

What was the papal bull of Eugenius III that launched the second crusade on the 1st December 1145.

This is the site where a church was burned down by Louis VII, the crusade was partly a penance for this.

What was the term used by Bernard of Clairveux to refer to those he wished to undertake the second crusade.

Who was the French monk who was preaching anti-Semitism. Bernard's preaching was partly to counter this.

What is the name of the place where Louis VII took the cross on 31st March 1146.

What was the campaign by Germans against Pagans in the Baltic called, it distracted attention from the main crusade.

Where did some crusading end up it was redirected against Muslims in this place as well as Almeria in Iberia.

Who was the Byzantine emperor who was blamed for the crusaders for the campaigns failure due to his limited support.

Who was the sultan of Rum that Manuel I made a 12 year truce with and did not want to offend him.

Where was the site of a major defeat of the German army after Conrad III insisted on the overland route against Byzantine advice.

What city in Anatolia from which Louis VII sailed to Antioch abandoning his army in the process.

The second crusaders accused the Byzantines of attacking their forces here on their journey to Constantinople before crossing Anatolia.

The second crusaders accused these of luring them into Turkish ambushes during the crossing of Anatolia.

The chaplain of Louis VII who wrote a hostile account of the second crusade blaming the Byzantines for its failure.

The city of a large council where it was decided to attack Damascus instead of the city of Ascalon.

Who was the son of Zengi, he came to rescue Damascus and this forced the crusaders to withdraw after only 5 days of besieging the city.

The conquest of this city in Portugal by English crusaders was the greatest success of the crusade.

Prince Raymond of Antioch and his forces were massacred at this battle against Nur ad-Din in 1149, this massively weakened Antioch.