Organic Synthesis

These are the reactions that alkanes can perform. Firstly cracking, the conditions required for this process can either be high and or a catalyst. Next: combustion. combustion can either be complete or, when there is insufficient , incomplete. Finally free-radical substitution. There are steps to this mechanism. First is where chlorine is converted into chlorine using light. Next is where chlorine reacts with alkanes producing more free radicals. The last stage is When free radicals meet and produce stable compounds.

These are the reactions that Alkenes can perform. Firstly hydrogenation. Addition of using a catalyst to produce an alkane. Next is addition. This opens up the double bond and usually produces a For example the bromine test for alkenes. However the electrophilic addition of sulfuric acid produces an , the addition of to this will produce an and sulfuric acid. Finally alkenes can undergo polymerisation this opens up the double bond and allows the alkene to act as a monomer or

These are the reactions of haloalkanes. Firstly, substitution. Depending on the nucleophile there will be different products. For example if the nucleophile is potassium , the product will be a which can be reduced into an using hydrogen and a nickel catalyst or . If hydroxide ions are used an will be produced. If ammonia is used an will be produced (be aware mols of ammonia will be needed). The conditions for substitution are in solution at temperature. Elimination is another reaction of the haloalkanes. This requires a hydroxide ion and produces an . For elimination the ions must be in solution and heated.

These are the reactions of the alcohols. Firstly elimination. In alcohols this is also called and uses either conc or conc acid to produce . Next is oxidation, usually the oxidising agent is acidified . If a alcohol is used an aldehyde will be produced, if the aldehyde is then oxidised further a will be produced. If a secondary alcohol is used a will be produced and alcohols cannot be easily oxidised. Alcohols can also be involved in . If an alcohol is combined with an acyl chloride an ester and are produced. Similarly if an alcohol and an acyl anhydride are combined an ester and will be produced. The mechanism is called .

These are the reactions of the Aldehydes & Ketones. Firstly Aldehydes can be oxidised to form , ketones . Both can undergo hydrogenation and can be using , both these reactions produce . The mechanism for reduction of these groups is . They can also undergo nucleophilic addition with to produce a 2-hydroxynitrile.

These are the reactions of carboxylic acids and esters. Carboxylic acid reacts with and is evolved. Carboxylic acid will react with alcohol with conc to produce an ester. When an ester is heated with an it is to an alcohol an a salt

These are Acylation reactions, reactions of the acid chloride and the acid anhydride groups. Acid chloride can undergo several reactions. They can be with water, , ammonia and . Acid chlorides can also undergo with benzene and an catalyst. Acid anhydride can also undergo all the reactions.

This is aromatic chemistry. Benzene undergoes . With concentrated nitric and sulfuric acid is produced. This can be reduced further using to produce . Benzene can be reduced using hydrogen and a nickel catalyst to produce .