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Jen Wolf
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High School Diploma Biology Mindmap am The generalized cell, erstellt von Jen Wolf am 05/01/2016.

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Jen Wolf
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The generalized cellNucleusNuclearmembraneNucleoplasmNucleolusCytoplasmMitochondrionGolgicell membranemicrovilliRNA: Ribonucleic acidRibosomeChromatin (DNA, related protein)MicrofilamentCentrosomestwo centriolesSkeletal muscleactinmyosintitincholesterolembedded tomake lessfluidVacuolesslicer enzymes etc.vacuolesKrebs cycle (TCA cycle/Citric acidcycle) @ Matrixfree radicalsLysosome "lyso-"looseningPeroxisomeetc.MicrotubuleLysomicrecyclingdefensinsdefensinsRNANecrosisApoptosisER: endoplasmic (endo-inside) reticulum (net)roughRNAsmoothGTPproteinsynthesisenergy transferDNA:Deoxy-ribonucleic acid(C-G, A-T)mRNAtRNAreads keys onmRNAcloverleaf shape; strings aminoacids (3 reads asone code) (20 aa inhuman body)tRNA links anticodons tocodons, form - polypeptidesrRNA + proteinpurines: 2-carbon nitrogen ringbases (adenine and guanine)pyrimidines: 1-carbon nitrogenring bases (thymine and cytosine)HistoryAnton van Leeuwenhoek: 1st microscopeRobert Hooke 1665 cork tissue "cell"Matthias Schleiden 1838 living tissue. plant cellsTheodor Schwann 1839 all animals made of cellsRudolf Virchow 1855 cell reproduction10-100 micrometersSortingProkaryotesEukaryotesNucleus, complex. Humanshave 200- cell typesno nucleus/internalmembraneplasmidsbacteria, some with pili. 1-10 micrometersTheory of Endosymbiosisnone in plantssac ofhydrolytic(digestive)enzymesIntracellular digestionPlastids (only in plants + Algae)1. ChloroplastsFreshwater Protista ex:paramecium, amoebahave contractile vacuoleto pump excess water2. Leucoplasts (Colorless,store starch, tubers or roots.3. ChromoplastsCarotenoid pigments: red, orange yellowCell wallfungi - chitinPlants and Algae - cellulosecytosol(cytoplasm - stuffinside)(spins -cyclosis60% protein (ex ATPsynthetasepassive transport: diffusion, osmosisactive: Pinocytosis "celldrinking" large, dissolvedmoleculesPhagocytosisExocytosis, active release of moleculesreceptor-mediatedendocytosis, ex cholesterolfrom bloodNOW1. Phase-contrastmicroscopeliving, unstained2. Electronmicroscope - upto 100,000xTEM, Transmission electron microscope INTERIORSEM, Scanning electron microscope, SURFACEdrawbacks: not alive afterprocessing, elaborate prep,delicate, costly machine,thin specimenUltricentrifuge, isolatespecific componentsFreeze fracture/etching, membrane detailstissue culture1. Glycolysis,convert glucoseto peruvic acidperuvic acid+corenzyme AAcetyl-CoA2. produce NADH,FADH2, coenzymes thatshuttle protons andelectronsElectron transport chain, (1000s permitochondrion) Proton gradient acrosscristae membrane by pumping H+3.ATP synthase: energyconverts ADP to ATP(oxidative phosphorylation)through chemiosis as Oxygen(final Electron and protonacceptor) pulls electronsthrough ETCwater as waste product (breath)total 36 ATPPhotosynthesis is aoxidation-reduction process: thewater is oxidized (loses electrons H+)and the CO2 is reduced (gainselectrons)stroma: light independentgrana: light dependentphotosyntheticpigmentschlorophyll aand bphotolysis: produce ATP andprotons (through ATPsynthase channels carried byNADP ) for light independent.calvin cycle: sugar (PGAL) thorughcarbon fixation (CO2, H+, electrons)Oxygen as waste productrubisco importantenzyme: converts CO2C-4 photosynthesis, modified for dry environmentcorn, sugar cane, crabgrassRNAP transcribes DNAon mRNA (C-G, A-U)triplet nucleotids called codonsRNA processing to editintrons and interveningsequences. leaving exonsfaciliated: transmembraneDoppelklick auf diesen KnotenKlicke und ziehe diese Schaltfläche, um einen neuen Knoten zu erstellen