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Jen Wolf
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High School Diploma Biology Mindmap am The generalized cell, erstellt von Jen Wolf am 05/01/2016.
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cell biology
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cell
cell structure
organelle
organelles
biology
high school diploma
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Jen Wolf
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4270464
mind_map
2016-11-04T00:32:08Z
The generalized cell
Nucleus
Nuclear
membrane
Nucleoplasm
Nucleolus
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrion
Golgi
cell membrane
microvilli
RNA: Ribonucleic acid
Ribosome
Chromatin (DNA, related protein)
Microfilament
Centrosomes
two centrioles
Skeletal muscle
actin
myosin
titin
cholesterol
embedded to
make less
fluid
Vacuoles
slicer enzymes etc.
vacuoles
Krebs cycle (TCA cycle/Citric acid
cycle) @ Matrix
free radicals
Lysosome "lyso-"
loosening
Peroxisome
etc.
Microtubule
Lysomic
recycling
defensins
defensins
RNA
Necrosis
Apoptosis
ER: endoplasmic (endo-
inside) reticulum (net)
rough
RNA
smooth
GTP
protein
synthesis
energy transfer
DNA:
Deoxy-ribonucleic acid
(C-G, A-T)
mRNA
tRNA
reads keys on
mRNA
cloverleaf shape; strings amino
acids (3 reads as
one code) (20 aa in
human body)
tRNA links anticodons to
codons, form - polypeptides
rRNA + protein
purines: 2-carbon nitrogen ring
bases (adenine and guanine)
pyrimidines: 1-carbon nitrogen
ring bases (thymine and cytosine)
History
Anton van Leeuwenhoek: 1st microscope
Robert Hooke 1665 cork tissue "cell"
Matthias Schleiden 1838 living tissue. plant cells
Theodor Schwann 1839 all animals made of cells
Rudolf Virchow 1855 cell reproduction
10-100 micrometers
Sorting
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Nucleus, complex. Humans
have 200- cell types
no nucleus/internal
membrane
plasmids
bacteria, some with pili. 1-10 micrometers
Theory of Endosymbiosis
none in plants
sac of
hydrolytic
(digestive)
enzymes
Intracellular digestion
Plastids (only in plants + Algae)
1. Chloroplasts
Freshwater Protista ex:
paramecium, amoeba
have contractile vacuole
to pump excess water
2. Leucoplasts (Colorless,
store starch, tubers or roots
.3. Chromoplasts
Carotenoid pigments: red, orange yellow
Cell wall
fungi - chitin
Plants and Algae - cellulose
cytosol
(cytoplasm - stuff
inside)(spins -
cyclosis
60% protein (ex ATP
synthetase
passive transport: diffusion, osmosis
active: Pinocytosis "cell
drinking" large, dissolved
molecules
Phagocytosis
Exocytosis, active release of molecules
receptor-mediated
endocytosis, ex cholesterol
from blood
NOW
1. Phase-contrast
microscope
living, unstained
2. Electron
microscope - up
to 100,000x
TEM, Transmission electron microscope INTERIOR
SEM, Scanning electron microscope, SURFACE
drawbacks: not alive after
processing, elaborate prep,
delicate, costly machine,
thin specimen
Ultricentrifuge, isolate
specific components
Freeze fracture/etching, membrane details
tissue culture
1. Glycolysis,
convert glucose
to peruvic acid
peruvic acid+corenzyme A
Acetyl-CoA
2. produce NADH,
FADH2, coenzymes that
shuttle protons and
electrons
Electron transport chain, (1000s per
mitochondrion) Proton gradient across
cristae membrane by pumping H+
3.ATP synthase: energy
converts ADP to ATP
(oxidative phosphorylation)
through chemiosis as Oxygen
(final Electron and proton
acceptor) pulls electrons
through ETC
water as waste product (breath)
total 36 ATP
Photosynthesis is a
oxidation-reduction process: the
water is oxidized (loses electrons H+)
and the CO2 is reduced (gains
electrons)
stroma: light independent
grana: light dependent
photosynthetic
pigments
chlorophyll a
and b
photolysis: produce ATP and
protons (through ATP
synthase channels carried by
NADP ) for light independent.
calvin cycle: sugar (PGAL) thorugh
carbon fixation (CO2, H+, electrons)
Oxygen as waste product
rubisco important
enzyme: converts CO2
C-4 photosynthesis, modified for dry environment
corn, sugar cane, crabgrass
RNAP transcribes DNA
on mRNA (C-G, A-U)
triplet nucleotids called codons
RNA processing to edit
introns and intervening
sequences. leaving exons
faciliated: transmembrane
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4270464
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