A2 Biology OCR

Describe how negative feedback controls:
Temperature, Glucose and salt

advantages ectotherms v. endotherms

deal with environment ectotherms and endotherms

Control of insulin secretion

Pancreas: exocrine v. endocrine

Describe action potential

Receptors for: light, volatile chemicals, soluble chemicals, pressure, vibrations in air, length of muscle fibres...

myelin sheath

Synaptic knob -> synaptic cleft -> post synaptic membrane

Advantages of synapses:

hormones and cyclic AMP

Adrenal medulla + Adrenal cortex

how does heart rate change?

Describe the gross structure of the liver

Deamination

Ornithine cycle and why

Detoxification of alcohol

Kidney structure (macro)

Structure of the nephron

Ultrafiltration

Proximal convoluted tubule

loop of henle

Collecting duct

Kidney failure

Pregnancy test

Anabolic steroids

Structure of chloroplasts

photosynthetic pigments

Accessory pigments

Light-dependent stage

Light-independent stage

limiting factors of Calvin cycle

The structure and use of ATP

overview of respiration

NAD structure

CoA structure

Glycolysis + products

mitochondria structure + oxidative phosphorylation

link reaction + krebs cycle

Anaerobic respiration

energy value of different substrates

describe transcription

describe translation

types of mutations +effects

diseases associated with mutations

inuits

lac operon

body development of drosophila fly

developement in vertebrates

apoptosis

meiosis

recessive epistasis

dominant epistasis

complementary epistasis

best way of measuring energy transfer

gross primary productivity and net primary productivity

succession

nitrogen recycling

population growth

prey and predator population

competition between bacteria

sustainable management

conservation, why?

management strategies for conservation

Galapagos islands

Tropisms

How hormones in plants move

Phototropism

How does auxin work?

senescing

hormones responsible for apical dominance

commercial uses for auxin

commercial uses for gibberellins

commercial uses for cytokinins

commercial uses for ethene

Structure of the brain

Which parts of the brain is different information processed in?

Central nervous fact

Somatic v. autonomic

Autonomic neurones

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

difference between motor neurone and sensory nuerone

structure of elbow

Control of muscle contraction

The importance of motor units

muscle stimulation

involuntary smooth muscle

cardiac muslce

intercalated discs

voluntary muscle

structure of a muscle fibre

structure of thin filaments

structure of thick filaments

The power stroke

ATP supply for muscle contraction

physiological fight or flight responses

coordination of physiological changes

dealing with stressors

innate behaviour

learned behaviours

types of innate behaviour

types of learned behaviour

classical conditioning

operant conditioning

Imporantance of social behaviours

DOpamine

dopamine and parkinsons

ADHD

OCD

Advantages/disadvantages of asexual reproduction

Natural vegetative propagation in plants

Dutch elm disease

Artificial vegetative propagation

Cloning animals

dis/advantages of cloning animals

theraupuetic cloning or
non-reproductive cloning

biotechnology

examples of biotechnology

why use microorganisms in biotech

standard growth curve

primary metabolites and sec ondary metabolites

batch culture and continuous culture

Asepsis techniques

reasons for asepsis

dis/advantage of batch/continuous

downstream processing

dis/advantage of immobilising enzymes

methods for immobilising enzymes:
Adsorption

methods for immobilising enzymes:
covalent bonding

methods for immobilising enzymes:
entrapment

methods for immobilising enzymes:
membrane separation

manipulating DNA

genomics

sequencing the genome of an organism

Comparing genomes

electrophoresis

DNA probes

DNA structure

PCR

DNA polymerase enzyme

interrupted PCR and electrophoresis

Genectic engineering

getting the gene into the recipient cell

Restriction enzymes

why genetically engineer?

Recombinant

Bacterial take up of plasmids

bacterial conjugation

inserting human insulin gene into bacteria

identifying transformed bacteria

vitamin A deficiency

Golden rice

Gene therapy

somatic cell gene therapy

germline cell gene therapy