Developmental

Piaget's 4 stages of development:
*development happens in stages, each stage is an adaptation to overcome egocentrism.

Define(knowledge):
*Accommodation
*Solipcism/Adualism
*Dis-equilibrium
*Equilibration
*Schemes/Schemas
*Cognitive conflict

Describe Conservation Mass task.

Describe
*Transitive inference tasks.
*Class inclusion tasks

Describe the 'Three Mountains' task.

Describe the Naughty Teddy experiment (problems with Piagetian tests).
(Donaldson claims that the experiments lacked human sense!)

Describe Russell (1976) Conservation of area task (problems with Piagetian tests).

Inference by elimination (problems with Piagetian tasks).

Vygotsky's zone of proximal development

Constructivism (Piaget) versus Social-Constructivism (Vygotsky)

Russell (1982) Inter-cognitive conflict

Piagetian tasks comparing adolescent and child quality of formal-operational thinking

Johnson-Laird & Wason (1972)
card choice task

Elkind (1966) adolescent egocentrism

(intelligence) Define:
*Genotype
*Phenotype
*Degree of relatedness
*crystallised and fluid intelligence
*The Flynn effect
*confluence theory

(intelligence) Describe:
*Co-variance between inheritance & environment
*Transactional process

List some environmental factors of children's intelligence:

Elardo et al. (1975) quality of family environment (intelligence)

Gibson & Walk (1960) babies depth perception

*Fogel & Melson (1988) eye fixation
*Bower (1982) mask
*Slater, Mattock and Bremner (1991) object recognition

Slater at al. (1990) infant depth/distance perception

Ghim (1990) infant shape discrimination

Thouless (1931) intellectual realism plate drawing

Intraub (1990) and Cohen & Bennett (1997) boundary extension

Freeman & Janikoun (1972) intellectual realism cups

Crook (1984) intellectual realism line continuation

Light & Mackintosh (1980) house beaker intellectual realism

Soley & Haigh (1958) children's preference for drawing human figures

Wimmer & Perner (1983) unexpected transfer test

Describe the deceptive box test/ state-change task.

Lewis et al. (1994) Radical conceptual shift

Onishi & Baillargeon (2005) evidence of theory of mind below age 4?

Mitchell et al. (1996) do adults sometimes have difficulty separating their own belief from other people's

Baron-Cohen et al. (1985) Children with autism and theory of mind?

Frith (1989) Weak central coherence theory

Describe Williams syndrome

**Describe Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
*Barkley (1997) ADHD as a cognitive disorder
*ADHD as a 'reward & motivation disorder'

Describe Cerebral Palsy

Describe (developmental) language disorders

Schaffer (2003) nature and functions of attachments

Schaffer (2003) 4 stages of attachment development

Bowlby studied children that were raised in an orphanage or placed in a hospital during a medical outbreak (very little human contact and no/severed attachment with primary care giver)
*consequences of this separation?
*Rutter (1972)

Lorenz critical period

Lester (1974) attachment and object permanence

Define:
*'monotropy' (according to Bowlby)
*micro-genetic approaches
*motion parallax
*binocular parallax

Describe the stages of the Strange Situation (Meins, 2003)

Describe a child with secure attachment type (during the Strange Situation)

Describe 3 insecure attachment types of children during the Strange Situation

Describe the internal working model- Main et al. (1985)

George et al. (1985) how do adults of different attachment types assess their childhood relationships

Belsky et al. (1996) - consequence of different attachment types

Fonagy et al. (1991) consequences of different attachment types

Hamlin et al. (2007) geometric shapes personality story

study/example for Piaget's 2 stages of moral development (H&A)

Hart et al. (2003) Kolberg's stages

Hart et al. (1991) & Kochanska (1991) Kolberg's stages

Discuss factors that contribute to antisocial behaviour

Eron (1987) watching violent TV

Thomas et al. (1977) how can violent TV de-sensitise aggression?

Describe Pavlov's theory of 'psychic learning'

Describe the 'A not B' error:
*relates to object permanence!

Describe 'Hans' numerical ability'?

Describe Hughes (1975) Policeman study

Describe Acquired and Developmental dyslexia:

Describe Autism (behavioural effects, onset etc.)
* Ropar & Mitchell (2002) autism & knowledge

What are level 1 and 2 of perspective taking:

Describe the Wisconsin card sorting task:

Describe infants' numerical ability and how it further develops:

Define(speech):
*morpheme
*phoneme
*overregularisation
*overextension
*connectionism
*infant-directed talk
*Holophrases

What are LAD and LASS?

Define:
*moral subjectivist (Piaget moral stories)
*moral realism
*discuss the potential recency effect in Piaget moral task?
*how did children below 6/7 judge?
*what/when is Bowlby's critical period?

Describe Hoffman's theory on child moral development:

What 2 mechanisms do we have for perceiving objects as they move further away?

General facts (IQ/intelligence)
*correlation of IQ between monozygotic twins reared apart?
*2 thirds of population have an IQ between _ and _.
*how many words (roughly) are in a child's vocabulary of age 2 and then 6.
*what is the Raven's progressive matrices?

What are the 3 types of egocentric speech identified by Piaget?

What is joint attention, and does it support children's learning?
*Butterworth (1981) geometry
*Baldwin & Moses (1994) vocabulary

Define:
*Stereopsis
*Visual Acuity

What is inter-modal mapping?

*Violation-of-expectation-paradigm
*Wynn (1992) infants numerical ability
*Simon, Hespos, & Rochat (1995)

Rizzolatti & Craighero (2004) the mirror-neuron hypothesis

Mallick & McCandles (1966) frustration and aggression

List Kohlberg's 6 stages of moral development:
*pre-conventional
*conventional
*post-conventional

Describe each moral stage:
1. Obedience & punishment
2. Individualism & exchange
3. Good interpersonal relationship
4. Maintaining the social order
5. Social contract and individual rights
6. Universal principles