What is a genome?
It is all of the genes possessed by an individual organisms.This includes the sequence of bases in the entire DNA of an organism.
It is the sequencing of an organism.
It is a section of the gene possessed by an organism.
This is all the genes possessed by all of the organisms in a similar species.
What are the advantages of genome sequencing?
Shows evolutionary relationships.
Shows the effects of mutations.
Shows the possibility of a mutation.
Shows the alleles for a disease.
Shows the importance of bases in DNA.
Shows how genes can be manipulated for human benefit.
Helps create bio-fortified products.
'Micro-satellites are long sequences of DNA'.
'BACs stands for Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes which are man-made plasmids'.
Why are computer programmes used in genome sequencing?
To compare the overlapping regions of DNA.
To check the criminals of the world.
To compare whether the genes can be bio-fortified.
What is genetic fingerprinting?
DNA fragmentation and electrophoresis gives banding patterns unique to individuals.
It gives the sequence of DNA.
It obtains a particular gene and inserted into a recipient's organism.
Comparing genes for the same proteins across a range of organisms.
What is recombinant DNA?
It is made by cutting DNA and sticking it together.
This occurs by conjugation of bacteria which binds two forms of plasmids.
'Restriction enzymes restrict the DNA from transcribing mRNA'.
Why is DNA heated in automated sequencing?
To break the hydrogen bonds (by denaturing them) which gives two polynucleotide chains.
To create a number of bases that can be amplified by PCR.
To separate the fragments for electrophoresis.
Why do the DNA fragments in electrophoresis move to the anode (positively charged electrode)?
This is because they are positively charged and two positive separates them.
This is because they are negatively charged and the negative DNA fragments are attracted to the anode.
Why is buffer solution required in electrophoresis?
To separate the sections of DNA.
To conduct electricity.
'The longer the fragments, the quicker they move' in electrophoresis.
Primers bind at the complementary regions of DNA and probes bind at the start of DNA.
Annealing is binding of base sequences.
What are sticky ends?
They are short, unpaired, exposed bases.
They are bases that are attached to restriction enzymes.
The insulin comes from beta cells in the liver.
How is the DNA formed from the insulin gene?
mRNA is extracted and incubated via reverse transcriptase which makes DNA using RNA.
It is completed by conjuration of bacteria formed in fermenters.
It is completed by the ligase enzyme.
Why is the ligase enzyme used to make insulin?
It combines the insulin DNA and the plasmid from the bacteria (usually E. Coli).
Creates the backbone of DNA.
Golden rice is bio-fortified with vitamin B.
Where is beta carotene extracted from?
Daffodils
Bacterium: Erwina uredonma
Lillies
Wheat
Xenotransplantation is the transplantation of cells, tissues or organs between animals of different species.
Gene therapy involves replacing a gene that are not functioning.
Somatic gene therapy only affects skin cells.
Genes are passed onto offspring in germ line gene therapy.
What are the ethical effects of microorganisms?
Cross contamination of other microorganisms.
Mutations of microorganisms which could lead to resistance.
Produce deadly toxins that lay in our food.
What are the temperatures of PCR that need to be set?
95, 55 and 72.
75, 80 and 40.
60, 40 and 81.
110, 80 and 41.
