Cardiovascular USMLE

What are the five dilatations of the primitive heart tube?

Name the structures in the mature heart that are derived from the following embryonic structures:

What embryonic layer gives rise to most of the cardiovascular system?

What structure divides the truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis?

Name the structure between the atria that develops from the walls of the septum primum and septum secundum.

Name three physiologic shunts in the fetal circulation and the structures they shunt between

What are the two anatomic divisions of the pericardium?

Which nerve lies between the fibrous pericardium and mediastinal pleura?

Name the chamber associated with each heart surface:

Name the structures that compose each heart border:

Name the event associated with each heart sound:

Describe the best location for auscultation of the following cardiac valves:

What are the most common sites for coronary occlusion?

Trace the general pathway of venous drainage from myocardium.

Describe the function of each myocardial cellular component:

What congenital valvulvar defect is associated with aortic stenosis?

What are two common manifestations of aortic stenosis?

Which disorder results from myxomatous degreneration of the mitral valve?

Patients with mitral valve prolapse are at increased risk of which infection?

Name the valvular defect causing each murmur described below:

Harsh midsystolic murmur in the left second intercostal space at the left sternal border.

Harsh midsystolic murmur in the right second intercostal space at the right sternal border, radiating to the neck (carotid arteries) and apex

Harsh midsystolic murmur at the left third and fourth interspaces radiating down the left sternal border, murmur louder with decreased preload (ie, on Valsalva), S4 and biphasic aphical impulse often present

Blowing holosystolic murmur at apex radiating to the left axilla with increased apical impulse

Blowing holosystolic murmur at the lower left sternal border radiating to the right of the sternum, may increase with inspiration

Soft, late systolic murmur at the left sternal border or apex, accompanied by mid systolic click

Harsh holosystolic murmur at the lower left sternal border, accompanied by a thrill

Blowing, high pitched diastolic murmur at the left second to fourth interspaces radiating to the apex

Low-pitched diastolic murmur at the apex that gets louder prior to S1 and opening snap is often present just after S2

Systolic flow murmur at left upper sternal border, fixed splitting of S2

Name four important manifestations of ischemic heart disease

What are two major etiologies of myocardial ischemia?

What conditions compound the consequences of impaired myocardial perfusion?

name the type of angina

Describe the underlying pathology for each type of angina

Name the type of myocardial damage described below:

What is the initial event in the development of a transmural infarction?

What are the most common symptoms of a myocardial infarct?

What type of necrosis is seen in myocardium within 24 hours of infarction?

What type of inflammatory cells are seen in the myocardium within 24 hours of infarction?

What is the most common type of inflammatory cell seen in myocardium from the 2nd to 10th day after an infarction?

When is the risk of myocardial rupture greatest and why?

How many days does it take to form granulation tissue in a region of infarcted myocardium?

How many days does it take to form granulation tissue in a region of infarcted myocardium?

How many weeks does it take to form contracted scar tissue in a region of infarcted myocardium?

What is the diagnostic test of choice in a patient with suspected MI?

What two classic ECG changes are seen during an MI?

When does CK-MB being to rise, peak and return to normal?

When does troponin I begin to rise, peak and return to normal?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the CK-MB serum cardiac marker?

What are the advantages of the troponin test?

What are the two most common complications of MI?

List five less common but severe complications of MI?

How does the left ventricle respond to long-standing HTN?

What are the three types of cardiomyopathy?

What are the most common nongenetic etiologies of dilated cardiomyopathy?

For each antiarrhythmic agent, name the unique toxicity/toxicities?

Quinidine

Procainamide

Lidocaine

Flecainide

Propanolol

Bretylium

Amiodarone

What is the drug of choice for abolishing acute supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)?

Most common tumor of infancy

Cutaneous vascular tumor commonly seen in patients with end-stage liver disease (hyperestrinism)

Which vessels are most commonly involved in temporal arteritis?

What is the triad of Wegener granulomatosis?

Name the type of vasculitis associated with the following clinical and pathologic features:

Fibrous thickening of origins of the great vessels leading to absent pulses.

Well-demarcated, segmented fibrinoid necrosis of the arterial wall and diffuse neutrophilic infiltrates in medium-sized arteries