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What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
How is the pressure to counteract inertia and promote fluid transport generated in the cardiovascular system?
Once blood starts moving through the cardiovascular system, what form of energy does the pressure energy dissipate as?
Which factors does blood flow depend on?
Which factors that influence blood flow can be considered constant?
What is a pressure gradient?
What is the calculation for vessel resistance?
Halving the diameter of a blood vessel would increase its resistance by what factor? What does this mean for pressure?
Where is the greatest drop in pressure in the cardiovascular system? What is the benefit of this?
Which structural layers do arteries possess that veins don't? Why is this?
What does the vascular shunt consists of?
What is the point of precapillary sphincters?
Which arteriole does an arterial bed branch from?
What proportion of vessels are closed at rest?
Which factors to precapillary sphincters respond to in order to influence flow through the microcirculation?
Describe the structure of a continuous capillary, and suggest where one might be found.
Describe the structure of a fenestrated capillary, and suggest where you might find one.
Describe the structure of a sinusoid capillary, and suggest where you might find one.
Describe the forces influencing fluid exchange in capillaries.
What is oedema?
Why does oedema not occur more often, given the tendency for fluid to move out of capillaries due to the net forces?
Write an equation for the net outflow into the extracellular fluid.
What is the pressure gradient in the venous circulation?
Which force is the venous pressure gradient not large enough to oppose?
What is the muscular pump?
What is the respiratory pump?
List the 4 main factors that mean arterial pressure is determined by.
Which long-term mechanism is the blood volume controlled by?
What is the equation for the factors that cardiac output is controlled by?
What might heart rate be altered by?
What is Starling's Law?
What is the preload?
What is afterload?
What factor is vessel resistance determined by?
Which factors is smooth muscle cell activity in the arteriole walls affected by?
Which are the capacitance vessels?
What is the distribution of blood between venous and arterial vessels predominately determined by?
Constricting the great veins will shift a significant volume of blood to the arterial side of the circulation. What other ratio determines the distribution of blood?
What is hypertension defined as?
Pathogenesis of hypertension is multi-factorial. What does this mean?
What type of disease is hypertension?
List some other conditions that hypertension is involved in.
Which produces a sharper increase in mortality: an increase in systolic pressure or an increase in diastolic pressure?
Consumption of which mineral increases blood pressure?
What factor does blood pressure 'naturally' rise with?
