Connie pours the same amount of apple juice into two glasses. However, one of the glasses is taller and skinnier than the other. Kyle and Cale both want the taller glass because they think it contains more juice. Apparently, neither Cale nor Kyle:

Select one:
a. understands the concept of object permanence
b. is able to use cognitive structures of accommodation
c. has yet mastered the principle of conservation
d. can reason symbolically

A good theory is one which:

Select one:
a. focuses upon a specific phenomena (i.e., infant social development)
b. lends itself to precise testing
c. can be proven
d. has stood the test of time

According to Vygotsky, a cultural variable of paramount importance to a child's cognitive development is:

Select one:
a. language
b. parenting style
c. geographic location
d. attachment

Which of the following statements comparing Piaget and Vygotsky is true?

Select one:
a. Vygotsky believed that intellectual development involves the child's mental representation of experience, whereas Piaget did not.
b. Vygotsky believed that the social world was most critical to intellectual development, whereas Piaget emphasized the physical world.
c. Piaget emphasized the role of language in thought, whereas Vygotsky believed that language and thought remained separate functions.
d. Piaget emphasized the child's interaction with the environment, whereas Vygotsky thought such interaction was irrelevant.

Your 3-year-old niece is playing hide-and-seek with you. When it is her turn to hide, she goes into the corner, turns her back on you and closes her eyes, believing that now you cannot see her. She is demonstrating __________, typical of children in the __________ stage.

Select one:
a. object permanence; sensorimotor
b. egocentrism; preoperational
c. conservation; preoperational
d. hypothetical thinking; formal operational

Which of the following DOES NOT influence the timing of a child’s developing sense of self?

Select one:
a. age
b. sex
c. parenting
d. culture

Which of the following best captures the development of social cognition?

Select one:
a. Sense of self, moral development, Theory of Mind, intersubjectivity
b. Joint attention, sense of self, moral development, Theory of Mind
c. Intersubjectivity, sense of self, Theory of Mind, moral development
d. Sense of self, Theory of Mind, moral development, intersubjectivity

Which of the following has been shown to be a reliable finding in research on gender difference?

Select one:
a. Boys show earlier verbal development.
b. Girls are influenced by social norms and as a result are less good at math.
c. Both biological and environmental conditions contribute to some gender differences.
d. Girls show stronger spatial abilities.

In interpreting studies showing correlations between parental disciplinary styles and children's behavior, we should bear in mind that the correlations:

Select one:
a. could reflect the influence of the child's behavioral style on the parent's disciplinary style.
b. prove that the parents' disciplinary style causes the child's behavioral style.
c. explain that disciplinary styles are heritable.
d. are quite high but not statistically significant.

Suppose that you are a young child and have just spilled some orange juice on the living room carpet. Only moments before, your dad has told you not to bring the juice into the living room because you might spill it and stain the carpet. Now your dad walks into the living room and sees the mess. He also sees that you are crying. He bends down and puts his arm around you. He tells you that he is upset about the spill, that you should have listened to him, and that you made a mistake. He then asks you to help clean up the mess. What kind of parent is your dad MOST likely to be?

Select one:
a. Authoritative
b. Authoritarian
c. Permissive
d. Responsive

Which of the following is a true statement about internal working models (mental representations) of attachment?

Select one:
a. They involve individuals' feelings about being worthy or unworthy of love.
b. They are entirely due to biology.
c. Only securely attached individuals possess them.
d. They persist throughout childhood, but not into adulthood.

Rat pups that are frequently licked or groomed by their mothers are more relaxed as adults. This is because:

Select one:
a. their mother modelled warm responsive parenting.
b. their mother's licking changed the expression of their genes.
c. they developed secure attachment.
d. they inherited 'relaxed' genes from their mother.

Harlow set out to test Bolwby's theory of attachment by performing experiments with infant rhesus macaque monkeys. He was surprised by his findings that monkeys preferred to spent their time with the cloth 'mother' than the wire 'mother' who was equipped with a bottle and provided them with nourishment. This led to the discovery that:

Select one:
a. That the infant's development of affection is based on warmth.
b. Monkeys differ from humans in their choices.
c. That the infant's development of affection for the mother was based on contact comfort.
d. That the results were inconclusive.

Adolescent friendships differ from those of younger children in that:

Select one:
a. Adolescents tend to choose their friends based on appearance.
b. Younger children prefer friends who enjoy different activities.
c. Younger children tend to base their friendships on intimacy.
d. Adolescents tend to base their friendships on mutual acceptance and trust.

Parents who are warm and responsive promote their child's:

Select one:
a. sense of self.
b. gender identity.
c. secure attachment.
d. moral reasoning.

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, moral development proceeds from ________ control to ________ control.

Select one:
a. external, internal
b. individual, societal
c. ethical, individual
d. societal, parental

Theory of mind:

Select one:
a. Is often lacking in those individuals with autism.
b. Occurs in typically developing children around age 5.
c. Is only evident among humans.
d. Cannot easily be tested.

Asking your child to consider the consequences of his actions on others promotes:

Select one:
a. Theory of Mind.
b. Independence.
c. Language development.
d. Executive functioning.

Brittany, a two-year-old, is told a story about a girl named Amy. The story explains that Amy is looking for her favourite doll. Although Amy thinks the doll is under the bed, it is really in the kitchen cabinet. When Brittany is asked where Amy will look for her doll, Brittany will most likely predict that Amy will look in which location?

Select one:
a. In the garage.
b. Brittany has a 50/50 chance of saying under the bed or in the cabinet.
c. In the kitchen cabinet.
d. Under the bed.

A sense of self, as demonstrated by the rouge test, is evident:

Select one:
a. In humans and some other species.
b. In all species.
c. In humans adults only.
d. In humans only from approximately age 2 onwards.