What has to be removed in order to place an epidural electrode?

Stimulation of the cortex on an AWAKE patient is to test for:

If a patient is unable to move at the end of the surgery, it is consistent with damage to the:

Isola:

The best muscle to record lower TCeMEPs is:

The best time for a wake-up test during scoliosis surgery is after:

The risk of the wake-up test includes:

What monitoring is best for a scoliosis surgery?

If you have to select only one modality during a scoliosis surgery, which one will you choose?

Vertebral arteries run from:

What is the conduction time from stimulation at the lower thoracic spinal cord to a recording at the upper thoracic spinal cord?

What is the most likely outcome with an occlusion of the anterior spinal artery

After a thoracolumbar case, the patient wakes up with intact lower sensation and motor function, but left upper extremity weakness. What is the likely cause?

The effects of Harrington rod distraction on the spinal cord can be tested by the following except:

Stimulation of the motor pathway can be achieved with little movement in the surgical field by:

Following the final application of corrective forces to the spinal column, the spinal cord should typically be monitored for at least:

A contraindication for the use of transcranial electrical stimulation is

The Luque type of spinal instrumentation usually involves:

Luque rods would best be used for:

A "false negative" test means that the test results:

During scoliosis surgery, the spinal cord is most at risk for injury during:

For transcortical magnetic stimulation, it is not true that:

Changing the inter stimulus interval (lSI) from 3.7 to 2.1 will:

Motor evoked potentials are also known as:

Motor evoked potentials can be recorded from the:

Motor evoked potentials responses are affected by the:

The ideal anesthesia regimen for TCeMEP recording is:

The epidural responses are also known as:

When recording motor evoked potentials, the artifact reject should always be

The latency of D-wave responses in the upper cervical area is about:

D-wave responses are:

An increase in anesthesia will result in a loss of the ___ response before the ____

The recommended range of inter stimulus interval for motor evoked potentials is:

The band pass setting for motor evoked potential should be set to:

The latency of D-wave responses in the lower cervical area is about:

The latency of D-wave responses in the lower thoracic area is about:

A response recorded at 15 ms from an epidural spinal electrode arises from:

A motor unit originates from:

The inter-peak latency between I-waves is:

The lowest spinal level for epidural recordings is:

Bite blocks must be used during motor evoked potential recordings to prevent

When monitoring motor evoked potentials during spinal surgeries, the muscles selected must be ___ to the site of the surgery.

Motor evoked potentials monitor the integrity of dorsal column pathways.

Ischemia of anterior spinal artery will result in loss of TCeMEP responses.

A pulse width of 1000 us is used for TCeMEP stimulation.

I-waves are epidural responses due to indirect stimulation of spinothalamic pathways.

Motor evoked potentials are generated from which type of summation?