Scientific Inquiry Exam 2

Frage 1 von 42

1

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that is typical of qualitative research?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

generalizability
subjectivity
richness of data
small number of participants

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Frage 2 von 42

1

Mech et al. (2010) used which of the following to obtain data for their paper "Eavesdropping on Happiness?"

Wähle eine der folgenden:

a confederate
a camera hidden behind the mirror
a device that records sounds
transcripts of phone records

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Frage 3 von 42

1

Research done on "Genie" (who had limited language development) & H.M. (who had amnesia) tend to involve what sort of research?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

participant research
archival research
case studies
psychobiography

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Frage 4 von 42

1

Which of the following is an ADVANTAGE of systematic observation?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Interrater reliability is never a concern
It allows the researcher to focus on specific behaviors
It records all of the participant's actions during the study period
The data is anonymous, so data are always confidential

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Frage 5 von 42

1

In which of the following types of study would reactivity be the GREATEST concern?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

anonymous surveys
participant observation
archival research
meta-analysis

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Frage 6 von 42

1

Which of the following IS a match between a type of survey & a limitation of that type of survey?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

online survey: possible sampling bias due to limited access to technology
personally administrated survey: reactivity
mail-in survey: long response times
all of the above are correct matches

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Frage 7 von 42

1

Which of the following scales is demonstrated below?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Likert scale
Semantic differential scale
Ratio scale
Wong-Baker scale

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Frage 8 von 42

1

What flaw does the question demonstrate? "Are you not satisfied with your online service provider?"

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Leading questions
Double-barrelled questions
Negative wording
Yea saying

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Frage 9 von 42

1

What flaw does the question demonstrate? "Do you support government-provided health care for children & senior citizens?"

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Leading questions
Double-barrelled questions
Negative wording
Yea saying

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Frage 10 von 42

1

What flaw does the question demonstrate? "Do you believe that Candidate X deserves to be removed from office after the many scandals that he was involved in?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Leading questions
Double-barrelled questions
Negative wording
Yea saying

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Frage 11 von 42

1

What flaw does the question demonstrate? The "national service" video from the Yes Minister TV show clip in class.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Leading questions
Double-barrelled questions
Negative wording
Yea saying

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Frage 12 von 42

1

is a low-cost sampling technique that runs the risk of introducing bias, while costs more but is less prone to bias.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

stratified random sample : simple random sampling
haphazard sampling : purposive sampling
quota sampling : simple random sampling
cluster sampling : haphazard sampling

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Frage 13 von 42

1

Which of the following is MOST clearly a risk of pretest-posttest designs?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

non-random assignment
practice effects
low inter-rater reliability
sampling error

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Frage 14 von 42

1

In a matched-pairs design:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

the value of one dependent variable is matched with the value of another
a member of the control group is matched with a member of the experimental group
the score on a pretest is matched with the score of a posttest
a score provided by one rater is matched with a score provided by a different rater

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Frage 15 von 42

1

In which of the following designs is assignment to groups a concern?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

within-subjects
between subjects
psychobiography
multiple baseline

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Frage 16 von 42

1

Suppose that you are evaluating a smoking cessation program in your community. At the same time, the city puts up anti-smoking advertisements all around the laboratory. This would be an example of which of the following problems?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

restrictions of range effects
mortality effects
history effects
haphazard sampling

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Frage 17 von 42

1

Suppose that a researcher uses a post-test only design to investigate the effects of a mediation technique on mood. The researcher recruits 40 participants, randomly assigns them to 2 groups. One group receives meditation training before taking a questionnaire on their mood. The other sits in a quiet room for the same length of time before taking the questionnaire. As it happens, the experimental group is in a spacious area for the meditation training, while the control group is in a cramped classroom. The clearest potential problem with this design is:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

a practice effect
a ceiling effect
a confounding variable
attrition

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Frage 18 von 42

1

What is the purpose of a Latin Square design?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

to prevent sampling bias
to ensure random assignment to groups
to control for order effects
to reduce the effect of within subject variability

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Frage 19 von 42

1

Which of the following describes a procedure that counterbalances for order?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

When conducting an interview, call the participants into the interview room in a random sequence that is not known in advance by the experimenter.
When conducting an online survey, present the questions in a random order.
Recruit 30 participants. Expose them to condition A first, then condition B, then condition B again, and then condition A again.
Recruit 30 participants. Expose 15 to condition A first, then condition B. Expose 15 to condition B first, then condition A.

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Frage 20 von 42

1

Which of the following is NOT involved in a staged manipulation? (Choose the best answer)

Wähle eine der folgenden:

the behavior of the other "teacher" in Milgram's obedience study
the Bringing in the Bystander program used in Banyard et al.'s study on sexual violence
the Monopoly game rules in Piff's "Does Money Make You Mean?" study
taking away the lucky charm for photographing in the superstition study

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Frage 21 von 42

1

Identify the dependent & independent variable.
Compared to children, adults are bad at learning language. This is counterintuitive; adults outperform children on most measure of cognition, especially those that involve effort (which continue to mature into early adulthood). The present study asks whether these mature effortful abilities interfere with language learning in adults & further, whether interference occurs equally for aspects of language that adults are good (word-segmentation) versus bad (Grammar) at learning. Learners were exposed to an artificial language comprised of statistically defined words that belong to phonologically defined categories (grammar). Exposure occurred under passive or effortful conditions. Passive learners were told to listen while effortful learners were instructed to try to 1) learn the words, 2) learn the categories, or 3) learn the category order. Effortful learners showed an advantage for learning words while passive learners showed an advantage for learning the categories. Effort can therefore hurt the learning of categories.
Q: A dependent variable in this study is:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

effort expended
how well the words are learned
whether the participants are instructed to learn words or categories
the age of the participants in the experiment

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Frage 22 von 42

1

Consider the following paragraph from the Method section of the paper on page 3.
After exposure, participants completed 2 forced choice tests: (1) a word-level test in which they were asked which of two words was more likely to belong in the language they just listened to, and (2) a sentence-level test in which they were asked which sentence was more likely to belong in the test were randomized separately for each subject. In these 2 tests, there were 3 types of interest: word segmentation, order & category structure. All word segmentation items occurred in the first, word-level, test and all of the order & category structure occurred in the second, sentence-level test.
Q: Which of the following best describes the design of this study?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

independent groups
repeated-measures
longitudinal
pretest-posttest

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Frage 23 von 42

1

Consider the following paragraph from the Method section of the paper on page 3.
After exposure, participants completed 2 forced choice tests: (1) a word-level test in which they were asked which of two words was more likely to belong in the language they just listened to, and (2) a sentence-level test in which they were asked which sentence was more likely to belong in the test were randomized separately for each subject. In these 2 tests, there were 3 types of interest: word segmentation, order & category structure. All word segmentation items occurred in the first, word-level, test and all of the order & category structure occurred in the second, sentence-level test.
Q: If the word-level test was always carried out first, this could potentially lead to:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

two-way interactions
expectancy effects
carryover effects
demand characteristics

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Frage 24 von 42

1

The Solomon four-group design is a compromise between which types of design?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

post-test only & pretest-posttest
quantitative & qualitative
staged & straightforward
three-group & five-group

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Frage 25 von 42

1

Which of the following is most clearly a way to overcome a floor effect?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Reduce the number of levels of the independent variable
Increase sample size
Change the range of the manipulation of the independent variable
Measure the dependent variable with a ratio scale

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Frage 26 von 42

1

The double-bind design reduces the likelihood of:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

sampling error
expectancy effects
demand characteristics
A & B
B & C

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Frage 27 von 42

1

Early studies of childhood development by Jean Piaget underestimated the rate of development because participants could not express that they knew or understood something. Which of the following best describes the problem with Piaget's studies?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Attrition
Sensitivity of the dependent variable
Ceiling effects
Carryover effects

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Frage 28 von 42

1

Which of the following is an example of a pilot study (based on the definition of the term from class?)

Wähle eine der folgenden:

A researcher tests children's reading levels before assigning them to groups in an experiment
A researcher has participants rate the scariness of movie clips before using them as stimuli in a study of the psychological effects of movie violence
A researcher replicates and experiment with an additional control condition in order to remove a potential confound
A researcher recruits a small number of participants for a study but stops collecting data after the first few participants do not conform to the researcher's hypothesis

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Frage 29 von 42

1

Which of the following is NOT a typical role of debriefing in experimental research

Wähle eine der folgenden:

to reveal deception used in the study
to answer the participant's questions
to understand the participant's experience during the experiment
to encourage the participant to discuss the study with others

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Frage 30 von 42

1

According to the text, which of the following is the final step in conducting research?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

testing the hypothesis
debriefing the participants
communicating the findings to others
conducting follow-up studies

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Frage 31 von 42

1

Filler questions in some psycholinguistics studies serve to:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

lengthen the study in order to give participants more experience with the task
disguise the manipulation in order to reduce demand characteristics
control for differences between individual words (which would otherwise be confounds)
ensure that each participant is exposed to the full range of experimental stimuli

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Frage 32 von 42

1

The following 3 questions is a table i will take photo and send to you on whatsapp!

Wähle eine der folgenden:

This one
-

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Frage 33 von 42

1

Which of the following would most likely be a PV in a PV x IV design?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

a personality trait
the dosage of a psychoactive drug
reaction time in response to stimuli
type of psychotherapy received during the experiment

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Frage 34 von 42

1

Which of the following is a correct description of the graph shown on the right? Assume that differences between conditions reflect differences in the population.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

a crossover interaction
2 independent main effects
a main effect of Factor A
a main effect of Factor B

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Frage 35 von 42

1

Suppose that the owner of a coffeeshop introduces a promotion where they offer a coupon for discounts on a movie ticket with every cup of coffee. The owner runs the promotion for one month in May. The shop sold 1000 cups of coffee per day in April, 1250 cups of coffee per day in June. The owner interprets this as a sign that the promotion was effective. This procedure is most similar to the:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

ABA reversal design
sequential method
pretest-posttest control group design
multiple baseline design

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Frage 36 von 42

1

Which of the following points did Kathryn Shultz make about how it feels to be wrong?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

It is a useful tool for solving scientific debates
It results from irresponsibility and poor preparation
It motivates us to avoid mistakes in the future
It feels the same as being right

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Frage 37 von 42

1

Bonus: In class, I described an experiment that I conducted which had a 2x2x2x3x3 factorial design. What was the result of this experiment?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

It served as a pilot study for a series of other experiments
My advisor would not let me run the experiment
I published the study in a peer-reviewed journal
I had a 5 way interaction, so I gave up

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Frage 38 von 42

1

Which of the following best describes what to do when you find significant main effects & significant interactions in a 2x2 factorial design?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Ignore the interactions & focus on the main effects
Describes the effects separately for each level of one of your variables
Remove levels of the variables from the design until there are no more interactions
Give up, since the experimental data are not interpretable.

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Frage 39 von 42

1

Which of the following is NOT a plausible rationale for using a quasi-experimental design instead of a conventional experimental design?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

You are studying a life-saving intervention & do not want to turn away anybody for treatment
You are studying an intervention that affects the whole community, so a control group is impractical
Each participant has a different standard for "success" or "failure", so the effectiveness of your treatment cannot be measure quantitatively
Each participant in treatment voluntarily signed up for the program, so selection bias may make your sample different from the rest of the population

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Frage 40 von 42

1

In the sequential method, you would collect data from:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

participants who were all the same age, and follow them for an extended time
participants who were all the same age, but only once during the study
participants who were a range of ages, and follow them for an extended time
participants who were a range of ages, but only once during the study

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Frage 41 von 42

1

The purpose of propensity score matching is to deal with potential confound introduced by:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

haphazard sampling techniques
non-equivalent control group
demand characteristics
expectancy effects

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Frage 42 von 42

1

Which of the following is an example of a situation where regression to the mean could MOST plausibly provide an alternative explanation for my result?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

In one year, I do not conduct review sessions for my PSY250 class. Students in that class do worse on average than students in previous years. Conclusion: I should offer review sessions every year from that point in.
I ask students during Midterm 2 if they are confident that they will do well. There is no correlation between confidence & performance. Conclusion: Students should attend review sessions even if they think they are doing well in class.
I ask the 10 students with the lowest grade on Midterm 1 to attend a compulsory review session before Midterm 2. Their scores on Midterm 2 are on average better than Midterm 1. Conclusion: My review session was effective.
I ask my students if they have any questions about the exam during a review session. None of them says anything in response to my question. Conclusion: None of the students have any questions.

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Scientific Inquiry Exam 2

Scientific Inquiry Exam 2

Frage 1 von 42

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that is typical of qualitative research?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

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Frage 2 von 42

Mech et al. (2010) used which of the following to obtain data for their paper "Eavesdropping on Happiness?"

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 3 von 42

Research done on "Genie" (who had limited language development) & H.M. (who had amnesia) tend to involve what sort of research?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 4 von 42

Which of the following is an ADVANTAGE of systematic observation?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 5 von 42

In which of the following types of study would reactivity be the GREATEST concern?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 6 von 42

Which of the following IS a match between a type of survey & a limitation of that type of survey?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 7 von 42

Which of the following scales is demonstrated below?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 8 von 42

What flaw does the question demonstrate? "Are you not satisfied with your online service provider?"

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 9 von 42

What flaw does the question demonstrate? "Do you support government-provided health care for children & senior citizens?"

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 10 von 42

What flaw does the question demonstrate? "Do you believe that Candidate X deserves to be removed from office after the many scandals that he was involved in?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 11 von 42

What flaw does the question demonstrate? The "national service" video from the Yes Minister TV show clip in class.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

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Frage 12 von 42

__________ is a low-cost sampling technique that runs the risk of introducing bias, while __________ costs more but is less prone to bias.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

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Frage 13 von 42

Which of the following is MOST clearly a risk of pretest-posttest designs?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 14 von 42

In a matched-pairs design:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

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Frage 15 von 42

In which of the following designs is assignment to groups a concern?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

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Frage 16 von 42

Suppose that you are evaluating a smoking cessation program in your community. At the same time, the city puts up anti-smoking advertisements all around the laboratory. This would be an example of which of the following problems?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

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Frage 17 von 42

Wähle eine der folgenden:

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Frage 18 von 42

What is the purpose of a Latin Square design?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

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Frage 19 von 42

Which of the following describes a procedure that counterbalances for order?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

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Frage 20 von 42

Which of the following is NOT involved in a staged manipulation? (Choose the best answer)

is a low-cost sampling technique that runs the risk of introducing bias, while costs more but is less prone to bias.