The Term pH is used to indicate the level of acidity fluidity( acidity, fluidity ) or alkalinity solubility( alkalinity, solubility ) within a solution

The pH of water can be broken down into two parts hydrogen ions hydrogen atoms( hydrogen ions, hydrogen atoms )(H+) hydroxyl ions hydroxyl atoms( hydroxyl ions, hydroxyl atoms ) (OH-)

When an atom loses an electron it becomes a positive negative( positive, negative ) ion

When an atom picks up a free electron it becomes a negative positive( negative, positive ) ion

The pH scale mathematically relates the concentration of hydrogen hydroxyle( hydrogen, hydroxyle ) ions

0 on the pH scale is Highly Acidic Alkaline( Acidic, Alkaline )

A pH value of 14 is considered highly Alkaline Acidic( Alkaline, Acidic )

Acidic Alkaline( Acidic, Alkaline ) water has a corrosive effect

Velocity increases decreases( increases, decreases ), pressure decreases increases( decreases, increases ) and as velocity decreases increases( decreases, increases ) pressure increases decreases( increases, decreases )

The trade off between velocity energy and head pressure energy can be seen characteristic of water flow, which is commonly known as water hammer hammer time( water hammer, hammer time )

Cavitation water hammer( Cavitation, water hammer ) is a very destructive process that occurs in a liquid flowing in a piping system.

Pressure = Height x Density of liquid Width x Density of liquid( Height x Density of liquid, Width x Density of liquid )
Pressure= 35' x 0.433 lb/in2/ft
Pressure=15.115 psi

15.115psi is equal to the pressure exerted by a column of water 35' high
but we want an additional 4 psi at the highest point of the system
Therefore, add 15.115psi=4psi =19.155

0.433 9.81( 0.433, 9.81 )lb/in2/ft

9.81 0.433( 9.81, 0.433 )KPa/m

The height is 90' to gauge B
the first gauge reads 60psig

Pressure = 60psig-90'x0.433psi=21.03psig
Gauge B would read 21.03 psig 23 psig( 21.03 psig, 23 psig )

Boyle's Law Charles Law( Boyle's Law, Charles Law ) - Variables: pressure, volume and temperature

As the pressure from the mercury was increased decreased( increased, decreased ), the volume of the air decreased increased( decreased, increased )

It is important to note that boyle's Law is based upon absolute pressures pressures( absolute pressures, pressures ) and all gauge pressures must be converted to absolute before any calculations can be done.

The formula for boyles law chucks law( boyles law, chucks law ) is

v1/V2=P2/P1 or P1V1=P2V2

V1 =the original volume
V2=the new volume
P1=the original pressure
P2=the new pressure

Charles law is the law, temperature pressure( temperature, pressure ) and volume pressure( volume, pressure ) are in a direct relationship

Charles Law uses absolute temperatrues not absolute temperatues( absolute temperatrues, not absolute temperatues )

(100F+460 100( 460, 100 ))= 560R(Rankine)

100C+273 470( 273, 470 )=373K(Kelvin)

Similar to Charles Law, Guy-Lussac's Law examines the relationship between temperature height( temperature, height ) and pressure width( pressure, width )

All three variables(volume,pressure and temperature)are included in the combined Gas Law. In this law, a change in one variable will will not( will, will not ) affect the other two variables

65 x 1.414=91.91
50 x 1.414=70.7
162.61
650+650=1300-162.61
1137 200( 1137, 200 )

Total hardness

1mg/L=1ppm

soft - 0-50 50-100( 0-50, 50-100 )mg/L
moderately soft- 50-100 100-150( 50-100, 100-150 )mg/L
moderately hard- 100-150 150-200( 100-150, 150-200 )mg/L
Hard- 150-200 200( 150-200, 200 )mg/L
Very Hard- over 200 300( 200, 300 )mg/L

Very hard water is unfit for human consumption or potable water supplies unless softened by treating the water to less than 200 mg/L 150 mg/L( 200 mg/L, 150 mg/L )

We use the term hardness to designate the amount of these dissolved minerals rocks( minerals, rocks ) contained in the water.

-Temporary harness
-permanent hardness and
-total hardness

Temporary hardness Permanent hardness( Temporary hardness, Permanent hardness ) is Bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium dissolved in the water cause temporary hardness. This occurs at approximately 60C(140F). For this reason the thermostats must not be set at temperatures greater than 60C(140F)

Permanent hardness Temporary harness( Permanent hardness, Temporary harness ) is carbonates of calcium and magnesium in addition sulfates,nitrates and chlorides of other elements. This does not occur unless the water is heated above 148C(299F)

Oxidation jack ass( Oxidation, jack ass ) is water containing dissolved air, which is composed of nitrogen and oxygen

Solubility bounceility( Solubility, bounceility ) temperature affects the solubility of dissolved chemical in water. Temperatures above 60C result in temporary hardness.

Density and expansion bobs mom( Density and expansion, bobs mom ) is an increase in temperature produces a change in the density of water for example a cubic meter of water at 4C has a mass of 1000kg, but at 100C the mas becomes 958.05kg. As temperature increased, molecular motion also increased and the molecules occupied a larger space.

Archimedes Principle Bobs principle( Archimedes Principle, Bobs principle ) A body, immersed in a fluid, loses as much weight as the weight of the fluid it displaces

The three laws of buoyancy laws of banking( laws of buoyancy, laws of banking ) are

1. A body sinks in a fluid if the mass of the fluid displaced is less than the mass of the body

2. If a body displaces a mass of fluid greater than its own mass, it will float.

3. body remains in equilibrium neither rising nor sinking if the mass of the fluid it displaces equals its own mass

Buoyant force The force( Buoyant force, The force )=weight of the liquid displaced

If the object weighs more than 156 lb, it will sink float( sink, float )

If the object weighs less than 156 lb it will float sink( float, sink )

Mass your mom( Mass, your mom )=volume x density

volume of the anchor = 100lb/480lb/ft cubic= 0.2083 ft3

buoyant force bob( buoyant force, bob ) availabe= 0.2083ft cubic x 62.4 lb/ft cubic= 12.99 lb

when we lift the anchor in the water it will require 100lb-12.99lb= 87.01 lb of force to lift the anchor

10' of head of water wold equal a pressure of 10'x0.433psi/ft=4.33 or and( or, and ) conversely, a pressure of 50psi/0.433psi/ft= 115.473'

In laminar turbulent( laminar, turbulent ) or streamline flow the water particles move in a straight line paths parallel to the walls of the pipe

In turbulent laminar( turbulent, laminar ) flow the pattern is highly irregular, with a constant churning of water from side to side, top to bottom

Viscosity dancing( Viscosity, dancing ) is the property of a liquid to resist flow

Pressure loss hey pauly( Pressure loss, hey pauly ) the amount of energy spent to over come the resistance of flow(friction is called pressure loss or pressure drop

For example , a !" pipe with a flow rate of 8 US gallons/minute has a pressure loss of 7.8'(3.4psi) of head per one hundred feet of length

The eye mouth( eye, mouth ) of the impellar is a low pressure area, and the vapor bubbles implode at high pressure areas