Cardiovascular System (Part 1 - Anatomy and Antithrombotics)

The heart and blood vessels transport , , , and around the body rapidly

What are the four functions of the CV system?
1.
2.
3.
4.

What is the maximum distance diffusion can occur over? (in micrometers)

The heart has two pumps. The right and left

The ventricles are filled from reservoirs, also known as the right and left .

Blood is pumped to the body to tissues, and partly blood is returned to the heart via two veins. The and vena cava.

When blood returns to the heart via two veins, this is known as circulation.

If heart rate is between 60-75 bpm, and the stroke volume is 70-80ml... what will be the cardiac output? (in L/min)
L/min

Blood pressure definition = The exerted by on the walls of the .

The circulation of blood is in a arrangement. This means it is divided into circuits, each supplying a specialised tissue/organ.

The left ventricular output is distributed to the tissues of the body in proportion to their metabolic rate. The muscle takes 20% of O2 consumption at rest and receives 20% of the cardiac output.
This is different in the because its function requires a blood flow. This causes other tissues to receive less e.g. . To compensate, it extracts an unusually proportion of the O2 (~%), whereas normal = ~%. It is very at taking from blood.

Drugs that act on the blood are called drugs

A is a blood clot that forms in a vessel and remains there.

An is a clot that travels from the site where is formed to another in the body.

Name three antiplatelet drugs.
1.
2.
3.

Name three anticoagulants.
1.
2.
3.

Name two thrombolytic drugs.
1.
2.

In terms of a cut, homeostasis is the and bleeding. This results in a and the bleeding .

Blood clot formation.
Step 1 = - this is triggered by cells
Step 2 = - Platelets together and temporarily stop the blood flow. This is the stage where antiplatelets act on.
Step 3 = - Conversion of to ). The insoluble forms a around the platelet plug (causing platelets to to each other).

and are which bind to collagen and (vWF), causing platelets to adhere to the of a damaged blood vessel.

PAR1 and are receptors that respond to (IIa)

and are receptors for ADP. When stimulated by , they activate GPIIa/IIIa and (COX-1) to promote platelet .

is a major product of COX-1 involved in . It is involved in the feedback process. It signals to join and become .

is synthesised by cells. It inhibits platelet activation. It is found naturally in the body, and is part of a feedback process of platelet aggregation - it slows the process down.

Aspirin is a inhibitor of receptors.

Warfarin works by the regeneration of the form of vitamin

Vitamin is philic, and is required for the of certain blood . Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of factors , , , and X.

Warfarin the conversion of oxidised vitamin K into its form, Vitamin K .

Heparin are a family of glycans.

Heparin activates , and inactivates coagulant factors and .

LMWH are than unfractionated heparin because they have a effect on platelet activation and a reported incidence of heparin induced - this is there is a deficiency of platelet in the blood which causes bleeding in the tissues and slow blood clotting.

Name three thrombin inhibitors.
1.
2.
3. Dabigatran

INR = () to the power of

is the breakdown of fibrin once it has already formed.
is the factor that breaks down fibrin.
Endothelial cells secrete tissue activator (t-PA) at sites of injury. t-PA binds to and converts to , which digests fibrin. activator inhibitors- and - (PAI-, PAI-) inactivate t-PA; α2-antiplasmin (α2-AP) inactivates plasmin.