China, Southeast Asia and the Pacific

Homo erectus in Asia

Indonesia- 1.7 mya? Or 800kya?

china - 1.9-1.6mya

Vietnam- 500,000ya

Made and used stone and possibly bamboo tools

Likely hunted scavenged

Acheulian hand axes in Arfica-- not in Asia

Zhoukoudian Cave

40 Homo erectus fossils found in association with 100,000 stone tools

Possible use of fire

460,000-230,000

Southeast Asia

First settlement around 1.7 mya

Sunda and Sahul Shelf

Shoreline 18000 years ago

Island of Flores, Indonesia

Homo erectus 900000-800000 years ago

Homo floresiensis- 38000-13--- years ago

-Small stature- average 3.2 feet tall

-Prominent brow, low brain-case

-Likely evolved from AMH

-Probably a case of island dwarfism

Early Island Hopping 30000-40000 years ago

Almost certainly used watercraft
Extensive evidence of fishing
Moving further from coastlines through time

By 20000 years ago moving more than 100 miles in open water

Colonizing Australia

Intensely debate

Earlier than 45000 years ago?

Lake Mungo- human Skeletal remains up to 400000 years old

Sustained around 30000 years ago

Australian Megafauna

Extinction likely the result of climate change and human predation

Tasmania

-first visited around 33000 years ago

-cut off from mainland Australia after last Glacial Maximum- remained isolated island until 1600s

Plant Domestication in East and Southeast Asia

-Foxtail Millet

-bottle gourd

-rice

-water chestnut

-broomcorn Millet

-Bananas

-Garlic

-Hemp

-Soybean

-Coconut

-Eggplant

Animals domesticated in East and southeast Asia

-Chicken

-Zebu

-silkworm

-bactrian camel

-yak

-reindeer

Rice domestication

-Gathered between 10,000 and 6,000 bc

Domesticated by 4000-5000 BC

Early Chinese Farming Communities (10000 and 3000 bc)

Hemudu culture 7000-4500 bce

Farming communities

Subsisted based on rice farming

Exploited wide range of resources

Kept cattle, pigs and dogs

Yellow river to the North (Huang Ho)

Millet

Sorghum

Hemp

Mulberry

Peiligang Culture (6300-5100 BCE)

First sedentary Farming villages

Grew millet; kept dogs and pigs

Semi-subterranean houses with storage pits

Yangshao Culture (4800-3200 BCE)

Self contained communities overlooking fertile floodplain

hunted , foraged, fished, and grew millet

Perhaps spoke early form of chinese language

Longshan culture (3000-1900 BCE)

Interaction between northern and southern farming communities

Development of bronze metallurgy, ancestor worship and the construction of defensive walls

Rammed Earth Walls

Oracle Bones

Made from bison scapula

Erlitou (1900-1500 BCE)

Perhaps related to origins of chinese civilization

Centralized city

Controlled trade of copper ore, tin, salt, kaolin clay

Shang Dynasty (1766- 1122 BCE)

Built upon Shan Dynasty

Ao (Zhengzhou) (1557 BCE)

Capitol of Shang Dynasty

10000 workers and 18 years

Anyang (1400 BCE)

Capitol of Shang Dynasty after

Skilled artisans living in city

Sacrificial burials with high status in individuals

Horse and chariot burials

Burial Mound of Emperor Zheng (210 BCE)

Terra Cotta Warriors

-tomb of the 1st Emperor ca. 221 BC

-over 7,000 clay figures with swords, daggers, axes, crossbows, 130 chariots; 700 horses

-All to guard against enemies of the Emperor

Jomon Culture

10500-300bce

Indus River Valley

3,000km long flows though paskistan and Kutch and Guijatat province, India

More water flow than the Nile

Often changes course

Bordered by agricultural lands

Harappa sites thoughoout the entire valley

Extensive trade networks

Mehrgarh (700-5500 bce)

Farming village

Wheat and goats from west

Part of trade network with west- copper and turquoise

Harappan State (2600-1700 BCE)

INdus River Valley

Rapid Growth and change from egalitarian to a ranked society

Connected to mesopotamia through trade with sumerians

The Harappan civilization

Developed along the Indus Valley in modern-day Pakistan at approx the same time that the Great Pyramids were built in Egypt

-Well-planned cities:

Harappa

Mohenjo-Daro

-no monuments

No elaborate mortuary ritual

Mohenjo-Daro (2600-1900 BCE) (oldest place to have a sewer)

35-40000 people

State level society

Rebuilt 9 times (flooding)

Cotton

Textile making

The “great bath” 12x7 meter brick- lined basin

Writing

Harappan script is known mostly from small carved stone sealings used to mark vessels and bundles

Most likely logographic (signs representing words) or ideographic (signs representing concepts)

To date, the Harappan script has not be deciphered

Mauryan Empire

269-232 b.c.

Shifting focus from Indus river to Ganges

Subsumed by Roman world

Early farming in Southeast Asia

13000 bc hunter-gatherers

4000 bc possibly cultivating

2800-2500 b.c. rice in red river basin

Growing rice and taro…

Ban Non Wat (2200-500bce)

Used as burial mound

Noen U-Loke (400bce-300 ce)

Evidence of violence

Dong Son Culture 1000 Bce-43 ce

Bronze

Early drums

OC EO (300-600 CE)

Angkor State (802-1430 A.D.)

Worship different gods

Built temples (hinduism)

Jayavarman II

Angkor Wat (1117 CE)

Siba god

Angkor Thom (1181 ce)

Temple

Ta Phrom

Pacific Islands

Taro

Yams

Breadfruit

Coconut

Sugarcane

Pigs

Chickens

Dogs

Lapita (1600-1000 bce)

Trade culture

Polynesia

Deliberately colonized around 2000 BC\

Islands ruled by hereditary chiefs

Micronesia And Eastern Polynesia

Rapidly

New Zealand

Colonized between 1230 and 1280 A.D.

Grew yam, taro and gourd

Overhunted moa bird into extinction

Maori Warriors

Easter Island (Rapa Nui)

Colonized bwtween 800 and 1200 A.D.

Moaes

Decimated plant and animals communities

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China, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific