Two major groups of animals based on gut anatomy

Rumen

4 Steps to food digestion in ruminants

Volatile Fatty Acids

dysbiosis

acidosis

Human Microbiome/Human Microbiome Project

Changes as food goes though the upper&lower gastrointestinal tracts

Positive effects of intestinal microbes

Transmission of Symbionts
1. Horizontal
2. Vertical

Bacterioicytes

Termite source of energy

Hawaiian Bobtail Squid

Rifta Tube

Colonization ( and location)

Skin Communities

Anti-Bacterial Enzymes in mouth (2)

Oral Microbal Communities

Steps of biofilm formation in dental diseases

Dental Caries
Gingivitis

Heliobacter pylori

Upper Respiratory Tract

Lower Respiratory Tract

Urogenital Tract

Pathogenicity

Oppertunistic Pathogen

Invasion & Infection

ID50 & LD50

Adherence

Adherence Factors

Bacteremia

Virulence factor

Examples of Virulence Factors

Exotoxin

Types of Exotoxins

hemolysins

Diptheria toxin

Tetanus & Botulism (AB toxins)

Botulism Toxin

Tetanus toxin

Cholera - Vibrio cholerae

Effects of endotoxins on humans and animals

Assay for endotoxins

Innate Resistance

Risk Factors for Infections

Innate Immunity

Adaptive Immunity

Antigen

Phagocyte

Macrophage

Two Parts of Adaptive Immunity

T-Cells

T-Cell Subtypes

B cells

Antibodies (immunoglobulins)

epitopes/antigenic determinants

Superantigen

Natural Active Immunity

Artificial Passive Immunity

Artificial Active Immunity

Vaccine Types