Which of the following is FALSE regarding the M-mode ECHO modality?

• Has excellent temporal resolution so it is well suited to the examination of rapidly moving structures

• Can use it to measure the left ventricle

• Can use it to measure systolic function

• Use the long axis of the heart

ΔP = 4 x v². Which of the following is FALSE about this equation?

• It is called Bernoulli's equation

• Is used to quantify stenosis

• Is used with color Doppler

• Is used to evaluate direction and pressure gradient through a shunt

Which image below is of an ECHO on the long axis?

Which of the following is FALSE?

• The cardiac silhouette may be enlarged without heart enlargement. This occurs commonly in obese animals where fat is deposited in the pericardium.

• Athletic dogs may have slightly larger hearts.

• Puppies appear to have larger hearts relative to their body size.

• Radiographs help distinguish between dilation and hypertrophy.

• Breed conformation causes a tremendous variation in cardiac shape and size.

Which of the following is FALSE about congenital heart disease?

• Almost all patients have a cardiac murmur

• Absence of clinical signs at the time of detection is typical and implies good prognosis

• Some lesions can be corrected but are associated with high mortality if untreated

• Definitive non-invasive diagnosis requires Doppler echocardiography

Which of the following is TRUE of therapy of congenital heart disease?

• CHD is most appropriately treated by medical therapy

• All surgical approaches (not including interventional catheterization) require cardiopulmonary bipass

• Interventional catheterization is nearly as invasive as surgeries

• Some forms of CHD can be treated definitively

Which of the following is FALSE about PDA?

• One of the most common forms of CHD in dogs

• If a murmur is truly continuous, PDA is almost always the cause

• PDA imposes volume overload on the right atrium and right ventricle, therefore right-sided CHF is a potential consequence

• Mortality is high without correction. Transcatheter occlusion or surgical ligation represent definitive management

Which of the following is FALSE regarding atrial septal defects?

• A left-to-right ASD imposes a volume load on the right atrium and ventricle

• If present, a murmur results from "functional pulmonic stenosis" not the shunt itself

• ASDs are relatively uncommon

• Can be repaired per-catheter using an occluding device or surgically under cardiopulmonary bypass

• All of the above are true

• All of the above are false

Which of the following is FALSE regarding AV valve dysplasia?

• Can result in regurgitation or stenosis

• Relatively common in cats

• Tricuspid valvular dysplasia is relatively common in labradors

• Severity is often mild

• Regurgitation as a result of dysplasia requires cardiopulmonary bypass for correction