Which one of the following describes the cell membrane?
A bi-layer consisting of phospholipids
A structure that surrounds the nucleolus of a cell
A structure that secretes proteins
A structure containing enzymes within a cell
A structure capable of secreting hormones
In the G2 phase of the cell cycle which one of the following is occurring?
The centromeres line up at the distal aspects of the cell
The cell divides in a meiosis form
The cell membrane invaginates
DNA structures are checked for errors
DNA is synthesized
In the G0 phase of the cell cycle which one of the following is occurring?
DNA is checked
The cell is in a resting state
The cell actively dividing
Intracellular organelles are synthesized
DNA is copied
Chromosomes condense in which one of the following stages of a cells life span?
The G0 Phase
During cell division (Mitosis)
The G2 Phase
Chromosomes are always visible within a cell
The G1 Phase
Which one of the following is the function of a Ribosome?
To secrete proteins
To secrete lipid-based products
To degrade intra-cellular waste
To synthesize ADP
To secrete hormones
During metaphase of mitosis which one of the following is occuring?
Chromosomes condense within the nucleus of the cells
The condensed chromosomes a line in the centre of the cell
Nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes
Chromosomes are pulled back into diffrent sides of the cell via the mitotic spindels
Mitotic spindles disslove
In terms of DNA which one of the following is a function of Ribose?
It is an enzyme copies DNA
It is one of the bases that makes up the DNA sequence
It is a sugar which attaches to a base pairs to make a nucleotide
It describes the bonds that form between the individual bases to form base pairs
It is a phosphate that enables the DNA sequence to build
Where in a cell is ATP synthesised within a cell?
Golgi Apparatus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Plasma Membrane
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
The function of an exocytic vesicle is best described by which one of the following?
A membrane-bound vesicle that is used to bring large products into the cell
A membrane-bound vesicle that is used to remove products from the cell
A vesicle containing microorganisms following phagocytosis
A vesicle that contains lysozymes
A vesicle that contains ATP
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responcible for which one of the following within a cell?
Manufacturining of protines
Manufacturing lipid based products
Manufacturing Robosomes
Degrading insulin
Conjugation of bile
Chordae tendineae are associated with which one of the following structures?
Left Atrium
Aortic & pulmonary valves
Right Atrium
Atrio ventricular valves
Intra vascular luminal valves
In health, which one of the follow helps to prevent blood from adhering to the inner surface of the heart?
The endocardium
The pericardium
The myocardium
The epicardium
Surfactant
Angiotensin Two has which one of the following effects on blood vessels?
Reduces permeability of blood vessles
Angiotensin two is an inactive precursor chemical
Produces vasoconstriction
Increases permeability of capillaries
Produces vasodilatation
Increased vagal tone will have which one of the following effects on the cardiovascular system?
Increase in heart rate
Increase in cardiac output
Reduction in cardiac output
Reduced time needed for the cardiac action potential to be undertaken
Vasoconstriction
Which one of the following best describes how the ventricles fill during diastole?
Mostly passive followed by a topping up from the atrial systole
Expansion of the pericardium creates a negative intraventricular pressure which draws blood in
From the aorta and pulmonary artery
The ventricles are filled entirely actively during atrial systole
Ventricular filling occurs during systole not diastole
Blood flow in the coronary vessels is maximal at which one of the following stages of the cardiac cycle?
Blood flow in the coronary vessels is not affected by the cardiac cycle
Early Diastole iso-volumetric relaxation
Ventricular systole
Late diastole (diastasis)
Atrial systole
Which one of the following combines with heart rate to produce the cardiac output equation?
Stroke volume
Pulse pressure
Mean arterial pressure
Systemic vascular resistance
Intra ventricular pressure
During repolisartaion of a cardiac myocyte, which one of the following describes the movement of potassium?
From inside the cell to outside the cell via potassium channels
From inside the cell to outside the cell via ATP-powered pumps
There is no movement of potassium during repolarisation, sodium is the main cation that is moved during this stage
From outside the cell to inside the cell via passive diffusion
From outside of the cell to inside the cell via ATP powered pumps
With regard to the AV node, which one of following is true?
It is the natural pacemaker of the heart
It is made of cardiac myocytes
It has no automaticity
It has a spontaneous discharge rate of 100 per minute
In health it is the only electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles
Which one of the following coronary vessels supplies the majority of the posterior wall of the heart?
The circumflex artery
The left anterior descending artery
Right coronary artery
Left main coronary artery
The coronary sinus
The tidal volume of the lung is described by which one of the following?
The amount of air that is moved when coughing
The amount of air that can be maximally inhaled in to the lungs
The speed at which air can be expelled from the lungs
The amount of air that is moved in a relaxed breath
The amount of air that is contained in the respiratory dead space
Gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood takes place in which one of the following locations?
Trachea
Visceral pleura
Bronchi
Terminal bronchioles
Alveoli
In the lungs what is the role that surfactant plays?
It facilitates the transport of carbon dioxide out of the blood
It helps to prevent collapse of and trauma the alveoli
It liquefies mucus
It assists with oxygen transport into the blood
It converts bound hydrogen ions to free hydrogen ions
Which of the following is part of the upper respiratory tract?
Oesophagus
Larynx
Pharynx
The right lung is divided into how many lobes?
1
2
3
4
5
Which of following best describes the role that the sternocleidomastoid muscles play in breathing?
There are the primary muscle that activates ventilation
They do not have a role in respiration
They are used in forced expiration
They are an accessory mussel of ventilation
They operate in parallel with each breath
The nasal hairs fulfil which one of the following functions within the respiratory tract?
Divide the nose into right and left chambers
Filter debris from inhales air
Warm air as it enters the sinuses
Are the part of the nose responsible for the sense of smell
Serve no functional purpose
The point at which the trachea divides into two separate bronchi is given which one of the following names?
Helix
Hilum
Bronchiole
Turbinate
Carina
Which one of the following describes the function of a goblet cell in the respiratory epithelium?
It secretes surfactant
It moves mucus towards the digestive tract
It moves mucus towards the alveolus
It secretes mucus
It stimulates a cough reflex when the airway is over filled
The parietal pleura can be described best by which one of the following?
The space in-between the two layers of pleura
The fluid that lubricates lung movement
The layer of the pleura that is attached to the lung
The layer of the pleura that is attached to the chest wall
The Space in between the lungs
The binding of a cholesterol based hormone to its receptor will often result initially in the production of which one of the following?
DNA Synthesis
G Protein Activation
Messenger RNA Synthesis
Release of vesicle bound hormones
Synthesis of membrane bound proteins
The term ‘secondary messengers’ refers to which one of the following?
In intracellular signalling process that occurs following peptide-based hormone binding to its receptor
In intracellular signalling process that occurs following steroid-based hormone binding to its receptor
The structural changes in a cell following the binding of any hormone
The manufacture of a secondary product in response to binding of any hormone
The activation of a hormone receptor by a non hormone product e.g. an autoantibody
Which one of the following hormones will increase blood glucose?
Insulin
Thyrotrophin
Somatostatin
Aldosterone
Glucagon
One of the properties of a cholesterol based hormone is that?
It is soluble in water
It does not require a carrier protein to get to its site of action
It can cross cell membranes easily
It is active even when protein bound
It can be manufactured from a single amino acid
How many functional layers can be identified on histological assessment of the adrenal cortex?
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Beta cells in the islets of Langerhans secretes which one of the following hormones?
Lipase
Glycogen
The parafolicullar C cells of the thyroid gland secrete which one of the following hormones
Monoiodothyronine
Tetraiodothyronine
Paryathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Calcitrol
Which one of the following is an example of a hormone released from the anterior pituitary gland?
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Anti diuretic hormone
Melatonin
Thyroid releasing hormone
Which one of the following structures secretes cortisol?
Anterior Pituitary
Hypothalamus
Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal Medulla
Testis
Which one of the following defines a hormone?
A chemical that is secreted by a cell and has an effect on the cell that secreted it
A chemical that communicates across a synapse
A chemical that is secreted by a cell travels in the blood and has an effect on a cell remote from the site of secretion
A chemical that is secreted by a cell and has an effect on cells local to that cell
A chemical this is responsible for communication between cells of the immune system
Which one of the following is true about the pancreatic acini?
They secret pancreatic enzymes
They secrete insulin
They secrete glucagon
They secrete bile
They absorb glucose
What type of endothelial lining does the oesophagus have in healthy individuals?
Columnar
Ciliated
Squamous
Cuboidal
Pseudo Stratified
What is the name of the structure that supplies blood to the majority of the small intestine?
Pan Piniform Plexus
Superior mesenteric artery
Inferior mesenteric artery
Celiac artery
Gastric artery
Which one of the following substances is secreted by the gastric parietal cells?
Gastrin
Histamine
Mucus
Hydrochloric Acid
Stomatastatin
What is the name of the duct that drains bile from the left and right hepatic ducts?
Common Bile Duct
Pancreatic duct
Cystic Duct
Common Hepatic Duct
Sphincter of Oddi
What is the name given to the most distal part of the stomach?
Antrum
Greater Curve
Lesser Curve
Pyloris
Fundus
Which one of the following is the connection between the small and large intestine?
Myenteric Plexus
Pyloric Sphincter
Internal anal Sphincter
Cardiac Sphincter
Ileocecal valve
The longitudinal muscle layer in the wall of the gastro-intestinal tract serves which one of the following functions?
Close the segment of intestines circumferentially
Propel the contents of the intestine forwards
Compress the intestine
Maintain integrity of the intestine lumen
Help to sense the consistence of intestinal contents
Which one of the following describes the action of bile in the gastrointestinal tract?
It causes fats to coat villi
It emulsifies fats braking it down in to smaller globules
It binds fat to proteins to facilitate its absorption
Bile is a waste product of hepatic function and has no effect on fats
It reduces fats in to fatty acids
Pancreatic secretions and bile have to pass through which one of the following structures before entering the gastrointestinal tract?
Hepatic Sinusoid
Ampulla
Plyloric Sphincter
Space of Diss