Pharmacogenomics

WHO studied virulent (Smooth) and non-virulent (Rough) strains of Streptococcus pneumonia in mice and demonstrated the principle of transformation

What is the concept of transformation

What is the transforming factor in eukaryotic genetics

Which radioisotope is used to label protein

Which radioisotope is used to label DNA

WHO experimented with radioactively lableled bateriophages (virus that infects bacteria) showing that DNA is the transforming factor

What are the strongest type of bonds

What binds with adenine

What binds with guanine

A molecule that can be written as several resonance structures of approx. equal energy have greater _________ than those without resonance structures

Sugar in sugar-phosphate unit is attached to how many phosphates

What charge to phosphates carry

What are the purines

What are the pyrimidines

Nitrogenous base with two ring structure

Nitrogenous base with single ring structure

What is the nucleic acid composition

How is uracil different from thymine

What makes up a nucleotide

What does ATP stand for

Nucleotides can be attached to WHAT of other nucleotides

Nucleotide attachments are catalysed by what enzyme

At 3' 5' - phosphodiester bonds are formed liberating what molecule

5' end of polynucleotide chains contain

3' end polynucleotide chains contain

Criteria for DNA structure (3)

Who solved that DNA has a three dimensional structure

Whose experimental findings that served as basis for Watson and Crick's hypotheses

What are Chargaff's rules (1947) (3)

Percentage of bases in humans

Who discovered that DNA was helical and the molecule has a diameter of 2 nm and makes a complete turn on the helix every 3.4 nm

i.e. RNA has a regular, repeating structure; helical structure; width and spacing of nitrogenous bases

What is the intronucleotide distance

What is the distance of one full twist of DNA in nt. and nm

What is the diameter of the helix

DNA strands are what

Bases are ________ to the helical axis

Information in DNA is stored as what

Who discovered:

○ Replication mechanism of DNA - semi-conservative

○ One DNA strand acts as a template for the building of a new strand in replication

○ The parent molecule unwinds and the two new daughter strands are assembled based on base-paring rules (semi-conservative)

Compression of DNA is mediate by what

What is the chromosome composition

Number of chromosomes in humans

Number of nucleotide pairs in humans

Meters of DNA in every nucleus

Diameter of nucleus

What is the building block of chromatin

What is nucleosome

What are the 8 histones

What is special about H1 (histone)

What is chromatin fibre

What is linker DNA

What is the composition of a histone

What about histone composition is important to DNA structure

What is condensing chromatin

What is the net result of packaging chromatin

What are chromatin-remodelling complexes

What is the main role of chromatin-remodelling complexes

What is the role of RNA polymerase

What is the role of Histone acetyltransferase (HAT)

What is the role of Histone deacetylase (HDAC)

What is Heterochromatin

Describe the genes in heterochromatin

What is Euchromatin

Describe the genes in Euchromatin

What is Methylation

Number of human genes

Average size of a gene (in bases)

Humans genes
make up about how many nts.

What are exons

Where are exons found

What are introns

Where are introns found

What is repetitive DNA

What are the untranscribed regions near genes

What are two kinds of Retrotransposable elements

What are LINES

What are SINES

What is Satellite DNA

Where is most satellite DNA located

What is the role of satellite DNA

What is the clinical significance of satellite DNA

Uncharacterised/junk DNA is what

Human genome size

Amoeba genome size

What is the key structure difference between deoxyribose and ribose

DNA forms ________ outside biological symptoms