Lectures 3-6 Cardiac Physiology

Frage 1 von 34

1

Which of the following statements are TRUE regarding cardiac myocytes?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

the vast majority of intracellular proteins are fixed and carry a positive charge
The equilibrium membrane potential for Na+ is higher than the potential for K+
Action potentials are initiated by the opening of voltage gated Calcium channels
The delayed opening of voltage gated sodium channels are responsible for maintaining the plateau of the action potential
This graph is an accurate representation of the predicted membrane potential over time.

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Frage 2 von 34

2

Wähle von der Dropdown-Liste, um den Text zu vervollständigen.

The Na+/K+ ATPase helps maintain the resting membrane potential of roughly -85mV in cardiac myocytes.

For each unit of ATP expended ( 3, 2, 1 ) ( Na+, K+ ) Ions are pumped out and ( 2, 1, 3 ) ( K+, Na+ ) ions pumped in

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Frage 3 von 34

3

During Diastole which of the following movement of ions are occurring in cardiac myocytes.

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

There is a Net Passive movement of Na+ ions into the cell
There is a Net Passive movement of Na+ ions out of the cell
There is a Net Passive movement of K+ ions into the cell
There is a Net Passive movement of K+ ions out of the cell
There is a Net Passive movement of Ca2+ ions into the cell
There is a Net Passive movement of Ca2+ ions out of the cell
Na+ is being actively pumped into the cell in exchange for K+ which is being pumped out
Na+ is being actively pumped into the cell in exchange for Ca2+ which is being pumped out
K+ is being actively pumped into the cell in exchange for Na+ which is being pumped out
Ca2+ is being actively pumped into the cell in exchange for Na+ which is being pumped out

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Frage 4 von 34

3

Which of the following statements are correct?

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

At Point 1 there is a large movement of Na+ ions into the Cell
At Point 1 Voltage Gated Sodium channels are Open
At Point 1 Voltage Gated Potassium channels are Open
At Point 2 Voltage Gated Potassium channels are Open
At Point 2 Voltage Gated Sodium channels are Open
At Point 2 the dip in membrane potential is due to efflux of Ca2+ through voltage gated channels
Point 3 represents the plateau, which is maintained by Calcium efflux
Point 3 represents the plateau, which is maintained by Calcium influx
During Stage 4 passive movement of K+ though only leak channels returns the membrane potential to rest
During Stage 4 the net movement of chloride is from the ICF to the ECF

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Frage 5 von 34

1

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the refractory period of a cardiac myocyte Action Potential?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

The Absolute refractory period is due to the rapid inactivation of Na+ channels after they open, these channels are not reactivated until membrane potential is below 65mV
Due to the extended refractory period, cardiac muscle can not be tetanized
Another Action Potential can not be initiated during any of the stages 1-4
The inactivation of VO Na+ channels causes a change in the shape of the protein channel, blocking the passage of Na+ ions.
All of the above are true

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Frage 6 von 34

1

Fast response action potentials occur in the SA Node

Wähle eins der folgenden:

WAHR
FALSCH

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Frage 7 von 34

2

Fülle die Lücken, um den Text zu vervollständigen.

Order the following from those most permeable to sodium and calcium, to those least permeable to sodium and calcium.

1.
2.
3.
4.

Options:
Bundle of His
SA Node
Purkinje Fibres
AV Node

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Frage 8 von 34

3

Which of the following are true of pacemaker cells in the AV Node

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

Resting Membrane potential is stable
Resting Membrane potential is unstable
Voltage Gated Sodium Channels are present
Voltage Gated Calcium Channels are present
Threshold is higher compared to Cardiac Myocytes
Threshold is lower compared to Cardiac Myocytes
Amplitude of the Action Potential is higher compared to Cardiac Myocytes
Amplitude of the Action Potential is lower compared to Cardiac Myocytes
Sodium Influx into the cell does not occur at any point in time
There is a greater permeability to Calcium than the SA Node

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Frage 9 von 34

3

Parasympathetic/Vagal Innervation of the SA Node will result in

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

Increased Heart Rate
Decreased Heart Rate
Increased Permeability to Calcium
Increased Permeability to Sodium
Increased Permeability to Potassium
Hyperpolarisation
Depolarisation
Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter
Noradrenaline is the neurotransmitter
The neurotransmitter binds to Beta 1 Receptors.

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Frage 10 von 34

1

Which of the following are TRUE regarding conduction velocity

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

Is the same across the heart
Smaller fibres conduct faster than larger fibres
Larger fibres conduct faster than smaller fibres

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Frage 11 von 34

2

Which of the following are functions of the cardiac skeleton

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

It is always fortified by cartilage and bone
Provides electrical discontinuity between atria and ventricles
Provides support for the AV Valves
Provides support for the Pulmonic and Aortic Valves
Provides an attachment site for ventricular muscles
Provides an attachment site for atrial muscles
Assists in Ventricular Contraction

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Frage 12 von 34

1

Pacemaker Tissue is located in the

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Pericardium

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Frage 13 von 34

1

Adipose tissue can be found in the

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Endocardium
Epicardium
Myocardium
Pericardium

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Frage 14 von 34

5

Fülle die Lücke, um den Text zu vervollständigen

Order the following events correctly

Your answer should be of the form ABCDE
Options:
A Activation of Ryanodine receptor channels in the Sarcoplasmic reticulum
B Opening of Voltage Gated Sodium Channels
C Tropomyosin shifts out of the actin cleft
D Influx of Calcium from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
E Calcium Binds to Troponin
F Crossbridge Cycle Occurs and Tension of Myocyte Increases
G Membrane Potential restored by the Na+/K+ ATPase and the Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger
H Depolarisation of Myocyte Above Threshold, Action Potential Initiated
I Influx of Calcium from the ECF
J Actin may now bind to Myosin
K Voltage Gated Calcium Channels Close
L Opening of Voltage Gated Calcium Channels
M Ca2+ ATPase activated, Calcium pumped back into the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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Frage 15 von 34

2

Which of the following statements regarding an Isotonic Contraction are true?

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

Muscles fibres shorten but not force is developed
There is nothing to develop force against
Muscle Shortens with Maximal Velocity
Force generated at a Specific Length
Force generated at this length if a measure of the maximum ability to produce tension
Muscle shortens slowly
Muscle shortens with Maximal Force

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Frage 16 von 34

3

Which of the following are likely to increase Afterload for the Left Ventricle

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

Increased sympathetic innervation
Hypovolaemic Shock
Systemic Hypertension
Pulmonary Hypertension
Increased Parasympathetic Innervation
Stenotic Aortic Valve
Incompetent Aortic Valve
Stenotic Pulmonary Valve
Incompetent Pulmonary Valve
Impaired Venous Return

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Frage 17 von 34

3

Preload is synonymous with

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

ESV
EDV
CO
Venous Return
SV
HR
Systolic Blood Pressure
Diastolic Blood Pressure
TPR

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Frage 18 von 34

1

On Trace 1 Person A has leads attached to the upper arms and thighs. On Trace 2 Person A has leads attached to the forearms and lower legs.

If all other variables are constant, following Einthoven's Hypothesis, the ECG for Trace 1 and 2 would be identical.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

WAHR
FALSCH

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Frage 19 von 34

1

The Magnitude of the Dipole on a ECG is determined by

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

How many cells are depolarising
Heart Rate
Vector Analysis of Simultaneous Dipoles
None of the above

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Frage 20 von 34

1

A Dog has the positive lead on his left arm, and the negative lead on his right arm, and the ground lead attached to the right leg. This arrangement is described as:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Lead 1
Lead 2
Lead 3
None of the Above

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Frage 21 von 34

1

Which lead is considered most useful

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Lead 1
Lead 2
Lead 3
All Leads are equally useful

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Frage 22 von 34

1

Atrial depolarisation occurs during the

Wähle eine der folgenden:

P Wave
QRS Complex
T Wave
None of the Above

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Frage 23 von 34

1

The T Wave is highly variable in domestic animals, it could be positive or negative deflection, or sometimes not even noticeable.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

WAHR
FALSCH

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Frage 24 von 34

2

A Patient presents with a prolonged P-R Interval on their ECG. All other intervals are within normal range. This could suggest

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

A Delay between Atrial Depolarisation and Ventricular Depolarisation
A Blockage at the AV Node
Left Sided Congestive Heart Failure
Sinus Tachycardia
Sinus Bradycardia

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Frage 25 von 34

1

Exercise, Anxiety and Fever would most likely cause

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Sinus Tachycardia
Sinus Bradycardia
Sinus Arrythmias
None of the above

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Frage 26 von 34

1

A Patient presents with an absence of P waves on their ECG. The QRS and T Waves are normal.

The Patient most likely has a

Wähle eine der folgenden:

SA Block
1st Degree AV Block
2nd Degree AV Block
3rd Degree AV Block
None of the Above

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Frage 27 von 34

2

A Patient has a 3rd Degree AV Block. Which of the following features would you expect to be present on their ECG.

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

P wave and QRS/T Waves are Independent
P wave and QRS/T Waves are dependent, but have an abnormally long conduction time between them
There isn't 1 QRS complex for every P Wave
Ventricular Rate is Slow
Atrial Contraction is Slower than normal

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Frage 28 von 34

2

A Patient's ECG shows QRS Complexes that are not always preceded by a clear P Wave. Which of the following are possible

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

VPC's
Paroxysmal Tachycardia
Atrial Fibrilation
Ventricular Fibrilation
AV Block
SA Block

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Frage 29 von 34

1

Atrial Contraction contributes what percentage to ventricular filling?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
50%

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Frage 30 von 34

1

With an Increase in Heart Rate, Atrial Contribution to Ventricular filling also increases

Wähle eins der folgenden:

WAHR
FALSCH

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Frage 31 von 34

3

During the 1st Phase of Ventricular Systole which of the following statements are true?

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

The contraction is Isometric
Ejection is Rapid
Mitral Valve is Closed
Tricuspid Valve is Closed
Aortic Valve is Closed
Pulmonary Valve is Closed
Atrial Pressure wave, c wave, occurs in the venous system
Pressure within the ventricle increases
Pressure within the ventricle decreases
Aortic Pressure Rises

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Frage 32 von 34

1

Which of the statements regarding the Dichrotic Notch are incorrect

Wähle eine der folgenden:

It occurs at the conclusion of Ventricular Systole
It is a result of blood flowing back into the leaves of Aortic Valve after it closes
Results in a sharp decrease in Aortic Pressure
Would be less noticeable in animal with an incompetent Aortic Valve
All the above are correct

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Frage 33 von 34

1

Which of the following are incorrect

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Cardiac Output is proportional to Stroke Volume
An Increase in Heart Rate would result in a corresponding increase in Stroke Volume
EDV and Venous Return are synonymous
Ejection Fraction = SV/EDV
A decrease in Preload will decrease Cardiac Output

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Frage 34 von 34

1

The 4th Heart Sound is caused by the vibration of ventricular wall due to deceleration of blood leaving the ventricles

Wähle eins der folgenden:

WAHR
FALSCH

	Erstellt von Daniel Mosele vor mehr als 8 Jahre

Veterinary Bioscience 1: Cardiovascular System (Anatomy and Physiology Lectures) Quiz am Lectures 3-6 Cardiac Physiology, erstellt von Daniel Mosele am 28/08/2016.

Lectures 3-6 Cardiac Physiology

Frage 1 von 34

Which of the following statements are TRUE regarding cardiac myocytes?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

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Frage 2 von 34

Wähle von der Dropdown-Liste, um den Text zu vervollständigen.

The Na+/K+ ATPase helps maintain the resting membrane potential of roughly -85mV in cardiac myocytes. For each unit of ATP expended 3 2 1( 3, 2, 1 ) Na+ K+( Na+, K+ ) Ions are pumped out and 2 1 3( 2, 1, 3 ) K+ Na+( K+, Na+ ) ions pumped in

Erklärung

Frage 3 von 34

During Diastole which of the following movement of ions are occurring in cardiac myocytes.

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 4 von 34

Which of the following statements are correct?

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 5 von 34

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the refractory period of a cardiac myocyte Action Potential?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 6 von 34

Fast response action potentials occur in the SA Node

Wähle eins der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 7 von 34

Fülle die Lücken, um den Text zu vervollständigen.

Order the following from those most permeable to sodium and calcium, to those least permeable to sodium and calcium. 1. 2. 3. 4. Options: Bundle of His SA Node Purkinje Fibres AV Node

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Frage 8 von 34

Which of the following are true of pacemaker cells in the AV Node

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 9 von 34

Parasympathetic/Vagal Innervation of the SA Node will result in

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 10 von 34

Which of the following are TRUE regarding conduction velocity

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 11 von 34

Which of the following are functions of the cardiac skeleton

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 12 von 34

Pacemaker Tissue is located in the

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 13 von 34

Adipose tissue can be found in the

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 14 von 34

Fülle die Lücke, um den Text zu vervollständigen

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Frage 15 von 34

Which of the following statements regarding an Isotonic Contraction are true?

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 16 von 34

Which of the following are likely to increase Afterload for the Left Ventricle

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 17 von 34

Preload is synonymous with

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 18 von 34

On Trace 1 Person A has leads attached to the upper arms and thighs. On Trace 2 Person A has leads attached to the forearms and lower legs. If all other variables are constant, following Einthoven's Hypothesis, the ECG for Trace 1 and 2 would be identical.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 19 von 34

The Magnitude of the Dipole on a ECG is determined by

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 20 von 34

A Dog has the positive lead on his left arm, and the negative lead on his right arm, and the ground lead attached to the right leg. This arrangement is described as:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

The Na+/K+ ATPase helps maintain the resting membrane potential of roughly -85mV in cardiac myocytes.

For each unit of ATP expended ( 3, 2, 1 ) ( Na+, K+ ) Ions are pumped out and ( 2, 1, 3 ) ( K+, Na+ ) ions pumped in

Order the following from those most permeable to sodium and calcium, to those least permeable to sodium and calcium.

1.
2.
3.
4.

Options:
Bundle of His
SA Node
Purkinje Fibres
AV Node

On Trace 1 Person A has leads attached to the upper arms and thighs. On Trace 2 Person A has leads attached to the forearms and lower legs.

If all other variables are constant, following Einthoven's Hypothesis, the ECG for Trace 1 and 2 would be identical.

A Patient presents with an absence of P waves on their ECG. The QRS and T Waves are normal.

The Patient most likely has a