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The study of the brain and rest of the nervous system
experimental psychology
learning
psychology
neuroscience
organ system devoted to the distribution and processing of information
central nervous system
nervous system
peripheral nervous system
brain
collects incoming info from sensory organs of the system and from the rest of the body and process that info and coordinates the body's response
synapse
dendrites
receptors
neurons
what are the two parts of the nervous system
presynaptic
postsynaptic
This is made up of the brain and spinal cord
learning and memory takes place here
This consists of nerve fibers that carry info from sensory receptors into the central nervous system and back out to muscle organs
axon
neurotransmitters
Name region 1
frontal lobe
occipital lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
name region 2
name region 3
name region 4
cerebellum
brainstem
name region 5
name region 6
front of the head
peak/ top of the head
side of the head
back of the head
brain region that plans and performs actions
sees and recognizes the world
feels difference intextures
hears and remembers
contributes to coordination of movement and learning that involve PHYSICAL action
collection of structures connecting brain to spinal cord. regulates AUTOMATIC FUNCTIONS e.g. breathing and body temperature
3 main components of a neuron
glia
dendrite
stellate cell
cell body/soma
the input areas that receives signals from other neurons
integrates signals from dendrites
cell body/ soma
transmits info to other neurons
neurotransmitter
cells that provide functional and structural support to neurons.
Glia out number the amount of neurons, just as important for brain and CNS function
carefully measuring the size/ shape of many skulls and comparing those measurements with a person's personality/ ability
structural neuroimaging
neurophysiology
phrenology
Bumps on the skull implies bulges in the brain (phrenology)
modern way of capturing pictures of anatomical structures within the brain. BRAIN IMAGING/ SCANNING. Shows size and shape and brain lesions
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Computer tomography (CT SCAN)
Functional neuroimaging
Brain lesions areas of damage in the brain caused by injury or lesions
Today, the use of CT for structural brain imaging has largely been supplanted/ replaced by MRI
a method of STRUCTURAL NEUROIMAGING, that produces scan that are created from multiple x-ray images. Image looks like slices (3D). Shows abnormality better for tumor or bones but still flaw for brain.
Computer tomography (CT scan)
Magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI)
diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
Functional MRI (fMRI)
critical for analyzing/ interpreting changes in the brains function that occur with learning
Structural neuroimaging
Provides a way to track changes in physical properties over time
Changes in the magnetic field generate images of internal structure (employs a giant magnet), Giant tube
computer tomography (CT Scan)
Electroencephalography (EEG)
A new type of MRI that measures the diffusion of WATER in brain tissue, permitting bundles of axon throughot the brain (white matter) to be imaged
single-cell recording
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) is better than MRI at visualization of fiber tracts
shows what brain is physically like
functional neuroimaging
shows what brain is ACTUALLY DOING
Both structural and functional neuroimaging reveal changes associated with learning
Involuntary/ automatic hardwired response to an organism.Present in all species and does NOT need to be learned e.g. salivation, palmar grasp, sucking
habituation
mere exposure learning
reflex
engram
Communicating neurons are separated by a narrow gap (about 20 nm) called ____________, across which the neurons pass chemical messages
Most synapse are formed between the axon of the _______ (sending) neuron and a dendrite of the ______ (receiving) neuron
postsynaptic, presynaptic
dendrite, receptor
presynaptic, postsynaptic
receptor, dendrite
Neurons contain molecules called _____________, these are chemical substances that can cross a synapse to carry a msg to a postsynaptic neuron
located at the end of a PREsynaptic axon, in pockets known as vesicles
A neurotransmitter that acts to modulate activity in a large number of neurons rather than a single synapse. located in the brainstem
neuron
glutamate
neuromodulators
vesicles
Branch of psychology that deals with the relation between BRAIN FUNCTION and BEHAVIOR, usually by examining the functioning of patients with specific types of brain damage
neuropsychology
what is the supposed physical change in the brain that forms the basis of memory (Lashley)
Theory of equipotential
Engram
long-term potentiation
this suggests that memories are not stored in one area of the rain, brain operates as a whole to store memories
long term potentiation
Phrenology is correct about different brain areas have different specializations
Lashley is correct about engram are not localized to one area of the brain
allows you to look at brain ACTIVITY ( what its doing) , by tracking local changes in BLOOD FLOW and examine how that flow changes depending on what that person is doing/thinking . Get baseline--> then scan brain when person is doing a task
positron emission tomography (PET scan)
Diffusion Tensor Imagining (DTI)
Magnetic Resonance Imagine (MRI)
Functional Neuroimaging
In Functional neuroimaging, when the brain is active it requires more oxygen...how many second does it take for blood flow (and its cargo of oxygen) to increase in that region
2-4 seconds
4-6 seconds
6-8 seconds
this shows how the activity at EACH POINT IN THE IMAGE has increased/ decreased in task condition compared with baseline image. red/ white/ yellow = increase blue/ green= decrease uncolored= no change
difference imaging
Functional MRI
___________ measures brain activity by detecting RADIATION from EMISSIONS of subatomic particles called _______, associated with brains use of ________ from the blood
long term potentiation, event-related potentials, oxygen
Positron emission tomography (PET), positrons, glucose
Positron emission tomography (PET), glucose, positrons
Positron emission tomography (PET), positrons, neuromodulators
This uses MRI at baseline. Compares a MRI an MRI of the brain during performance of a task WITH a MRI of the brain at rest
Computed tomography (CT SCAN)
Functional neuroimaging uses DIRECT measure
Functional neuroimaging only uses INDIRECT measures (measure glucose, bloodoxygen) not the actual activity of the neurons
Functional neuroimagining is fast
functional neuroimaging emphasize association between brain region and function
A technique for measuring electrical activity in brain, uses recording electrodes. It records changes in changes in electrical activity.
EEG
PET
ERP
CT Scan
EEG is cheaper than fMRI and PET Scan because there is no big scanner or dyes
EEG can detect rapid changes in the brain with more precision (in temporal BUT lacks in SPATIAL)
Electrodes are placed on the scalp to measure combined tiny electrical charges of large number of neurons in the brain
Event related potentials (ERP)
Single-cell recording
EEG from a single individual averaged over multiple repetitions of an event (such as repeated stimulus presentation)
Event-related potential (ERP)
difference image
the study of ACTIVITY and FUNCTION of neurons
Neurophysiology
The main technique scientist use to measure FIRING PATTERNS in individual NEURONS
fMRI
Single cell recording
Event-related potentials
In this technique electrodes shaped as THIN NEEDLES are used that penetrate brain tissue with minimum damage
chemical substances that alter the biochemical functioning of the body
glucose
drugs
positron
drugs that work on the brain generally alter the SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION
how many processors can drugs affect
1
2
3
4
Drugs can increase/decrease ability of the PREsynaptic neuron to produce/release NEUROTRANSMITTERS e.g amphetamines increase dopamine
Drugs can increase/ decrease POSTsynaptic RECEPTORS to RECEIVEvchemical messages e.g. heroin/ morphine similar to neurotransmitter endogenous opiods that casue intense feeling of pleasure
Drugs can alter the mechanisms for CLEARING neurotransmitter molecules out of the SYNAPSE e.g. SSRI reduce rate the serontonin is cleared fro synapse
The ability of the synapse to change as a result of EXPERIENCE
Theory of equipotentialality
synaptic plasticity
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
Long-term Depression (LTD)
This effect, in which SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION becomes MORE effective as a result of recent activity
Theory of equipotentiality
long-term potentiation (LTP)
long-term depression (LTD)