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3.6 Organisms respond to changes in their internal and
external environments
3.6.1 Stimuli, both internal and external, are detected and lead to a
response
3.6.1.1 Survival and response
How do organisms benefit from reacting to their environment?
How is growth regulated in plants?
What is a tropism?
What are some examples of tropism?
Explain the advantages of these tropisms
What is a plant growth factor?
What is IAA?
Explain the process of phototropism
Explain the process of geotropism
What is a taxis?
What are some examples of taxes
What is kinesis?
What are some examples of kinesis?
What is a reflex reaction?
What are the stages of a reflex arc?
What are the advantages of a reflex arc?
What are some examples of reflex responses?
3.6.1.2 Receptors
What is true of receptors?
What is a Pacinian Corpuscle?
Diagram of a Pacinian corpuscle
How does pressure lead to a generator potential in a Pacinian corpuscle?
Human eye diagram
What are the receptors in the retina of the human eye?
Features of rod & cone cells
Structure of rod & cone cells
How does light stimulate rod & cone cells?
What effect do the structural differences of rod & cone cells have on function?
3.6.1.3 Control of heart rate
What does it mean when the heart is described as myogenic?
What are the stages of myogenic stimulation?
What is the autonomic nervous system?
What is the role of chemoreceptors in regulating heart rate?
How is heart rate increased/decreased?
What is the role of pressure receptors in regulating heart rate?
How is cardiac output generated?
3.6.2 Nervous coordination
3.6.2.1 Nerve impulses
What is the structure of a myelinated motor neurone like?
Diagram of a myelinated motor neurone
What is a resting potential?
How is a resting potential established?
What is an action potential?
How is an action potential generated?
Graph of an action potential
How does an action potential travel along an unmyelinated axon?
How does an action potential travel along a myelinated axon?
What is a nerve impulse?
What is the all-or-nothing principle?
What is the refractory period?
What is the importance of the refractory period?
How does myelination affect the speed of conductance?
How does axon diameter affect the speed of conductance?
How does temperature affect the speed of conductance?
3.6.2.2 Synaptic transmission
What is the structure of a synapse?
Diagram of a synapse
What are the stages in transmission across a cholinergic synapse?
How does the structure of the synapse ensure unidirectional nerve impulse transmission?
What is spatial summation?
What is temporal summation?
How do inhibitory synapses inhibit nerve impulse transmission?
What are the differences between transmission a cholinergic synapse and a neuromuscular junction?
How can drugs affect transmission across a synapse?
3.6.3 Skeletal muscles are stimulated to contract by nerves and act as
effectors
What are antagonistic muscles?
What is a skeletal muscle?
What are the subdivisions of a skeletal muscle?
Diagram of subdivisions of skeletal muscle
What is the structure of a microfibril?
What is the banding structure of a microfibril like?
Diagram of the microfibril band structure
What are the stages of muscle contraction?
What is the role of phosphocreatine in muscle contraction?
What are the types of muscle fibre?
What are the characteristics of slow twitch muscle fibres?
What are the characteristics of fast twitch muscle fibres?
3.6.4 Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment
3.6.4.1 Principles of homeostasis and negative feedback
What is homoeostasis in mammals?
What is the importance of maintaining a stable core temperature?
What is the importance of maintaining a stable blood PH?
What is the importance of maintaining a stable blood glucose concentration?
What is negative feedback?
What is positive feedback?
What is the importance of separate feedback mechanisms?
3.6.4.2 Control of blood glucose concentration
What are some factors that influence blood glucose concentration?
Why must the concentration of blood glucose be regulated?
What is glycogenesis?
What is glycogenolysis?
What is gluconeogenesis?
What is the role of the liver in glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis?
What is the role of insulin in regulation of blood glucose?
What is the role of glucagon in regulation of blood glucose?
What is the role of adrenaline in regulation of blood glucose?
What is the second messenger model of adrenaline and glucagon action?
Diagram of control of blood glucose negative feedback loops
What is Type I Diabetes?
What is Type II Diabetes?
3.6.4.3 Control of blood water potential
What is osmoregulation?
What the structure of the kidney like?
Diagram of the kidney structure
What is a nephron?
What are the blood vessels relevant to the Nephron?
Diagram of the nephron structure
What is the role of the nephron in osmoregulation?
What is the role of the Bowman's capsule?
What is the role of the proximal convoluted tubule?
What is the role of the loop of Henle?
What is the role of the distal convoluted tubule?
What is the role of the collecting ducts?
What is the role of the hyperthalmus in osmoregulation?
What is the role of the posterior pituitary in osmoregulation?
What is the role of antidiureutic hormone (ADH) in osmoregulation?
How does ADH affect the concentration of urine?
Diagram of osmoregulation negative feedback loop
