Congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be caused by...
A lack of 21-Beta-Hydroxylase
A lack of 11-alpha-hydroxylase
A lack of both
A lack of either
None of the above
A lack of oxytocin can be caused by
A problem with the anterior pituitary gland
A problem with the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus
An excess of vasopressin
Grave's disease
Oxytocin and vasopressin are protected from degradation by
Antigens
Their large size
Amidation
Disulfide bridges
Both amidation and disulfide bridges
Amidation and antigens
A patient presents with moon facies, abdominal striations, a hump behind the neck, and abdominal adipose tissue build up, tests demonstrate high cortisol and high ACTH levels. This patient most likely has:
Addison's disease
Cushing's Syndrome caused by adrenal malfunction
Cushing's Syndrome caused by Cushing's disease
Wollf-Chaikov disease
Which of these is the strongest inhibitor of ACTH production?
High cortisol levels
Sleep-wake transition
High Growth Hormone levels
Hyperthyroidism
A lack of Tyrosine in the thyroid would cause
The overproduction of T4
The underproduction of T3
The overproduction of TBG
The underproduction of both T3 and T4
The underproduction of both TBG and TSH
Competitive inhibition of the follicular iodide pump due to excess _____________ can halt the production of ___________
perchlorate ; thyroid hormones
thyroid hormones ; TSH
TSH ; thyroid hormones
Oxytocin ; Vasopressin
(Choose the most accurate answer) - Synthesis of Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) occurs....
In the pituitary gland
In the thyroid
In the follicular space
In the follicular cells
A patient in the first trimester of pregnancy presents with hyperthyroidism, high Thyroid hormone levels, and low TSH levels. The recommended course of treatment is
PTU
Methimazole
Exogenous TSH
Radioactive Iodine
Prenatal iodine deficiency causes
Cretinism
Overproduction of Growth Hormone
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
________ has a longer half-life in plasma
T4
T3
Conversion of T4 to T3 occurs in the:
Thyroid
Pituitary gland
Peripheral tissues
TBG
Choose the correct relationship between somatostatin and the hormone(s) below:
Somatostatin inhibits TSH, Promotes GH
Somatostatin inhibits both TSH and GH
Somatostatin inhibits GH, has no effect on TSH
Somatostatin promotes TSH and inhibits GH
Somatostatin has no effect on TSH or GH
Thyroid hormone receptors are:
Bound to DNA and activated when T3 binds to the receptor
In the nucleus, are activated and bind to DNA when T3 binds the receptor
On the membrane of cells, act via second messengers
Deactivated by HSP90 binding, which is only removed when T3 binds the receptor
Only activated by T4, not T3
Hashimoto's thyroiditis is causes
Hypothyroidism
Cerebral osmoreceptors in the __________ respond to changes in the blood osmolality
Supraoptic nucleus
OVLT and SFO
Posterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary
Plasma concentration of AVP is a function of....
ADH concentration
Osmotic threshold
Oxytocin concentration
Urine osmolality and Osmotic Threshold
Plasma osmolality and Osmotic Threshold
Plasma Osmolality, osmotic threshold, and BP
Maximum antidiuresis occurs at what concentration of AVP?
5 pg/ml
20 pg/ml
5 mg/ml
At constant plasma osmolality, a decrease in blood pressure leads to
An increase of AVP concentration
An increase of oxytocin concentration
A decrease of AVP concentration
Both A and B
AVP functions by
Increasing the number of Aquaporins in the kidney tubule lumen
increasing Protein Kinase A activity in kidney tubule cells
Exocytosis of AQP2 containing vesicles in kidney tubule cells
All of the above
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is caused by:
Lack of AVP production in the posterior pituitary
Problems with V1a receptors in the CNS
Problems with V2 receptors in the kidneys
Problems with oxytocin receptors
Placental secretion of vasopressinase
If excess Potassium is detected, ____________ secretion will occur
Aldosterone
Cortisol
Growth Hormone
Vasopressin
Steroid receptors work by
Binding HSP90 and beginning transcription
Binding G-proteins that have been released by membrane receptors
Releasing HSP90 upon binding a steroid
What is the major dimerization partner for receptors?
RAR
RXR
PPAR
GR
In a Stachard plot, a hormone that binds two different receptors with different affinities makes a _________ line.
Straight
Curved
It actually makes two lines
Vetical
Horizontal
On a hormone binding curve, a left-shift equals a(n) ___________
Increase in affinity
Decrease in affinity
increase in plasma hormone concentration
Decrease in plasma hormone concentration
In the islet of Langerhans
Beta cells produce glucagon
Gamma cells produce insulin
Blood flows from the periphery to the center
Beta cells are the most numerous
In the pancreas, endocrine glands secret ___________ and exocrine glands secrete ___________
directly into an artery ; directly into a vein
into a vein ; into the digestive system
into the pancreatic duct ; into the venous system
into the digestive system ; into the liver
The cell type(s) of the islet of langerhans that serete Ghrelin are:
Epsilon and alpha
Beta and alpha
F cells
Beta only
epsilon only
Pancreatic F cells release:
Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin
Pancreatic polypeptide
Put these steps into the proper order for Insulin excretion
1) Rise in ATP 2) Opening of inflowing calcium channels 3) Entry of Glucose through the GLUT2 channel 4)Opening of Voltage gated K channel 5) Insulin secretion
1, 5, 3, 4, 2
3, 1, 5, 2, 4
4, 3, 1, 2, 5
3, 1, 4, 2, 5
Insulin exocytosis from Beta cells is most similar to which process:
TBG exocytosis from the thyroid follicle cells
Exocrine gland function of pancreas cells
Acetylcholine exocytosis in the Neuromuscular junction
Posterior pituitary hormone release
In the presence of high norepinephrine levels, the exocytosis of insulin from Beta cells is
Increased
Inhibited
Unaffected
Only affected if epinephrine is also present
How does amylin assist in glycemic regulation
It doesn't
Slows gastric emptying
Boosts insulin levels
Forms plaques that speed glucose uptake
How does caffeine effect Beta cell exhaustion
Dude, caffeine is bad for you. Everyone knows that.
Breaks up amyloid plaques, keeping Beta cells functional longer
Slows insulin release, regulating Beta cell function
Stimulates insulin release, helping relieve type 2 diabetes
Stimulates insulin release, helping relieve type 1 diabetes
Over-release of growth hormone in childhood causes:
Gigantism
Acromegaly
TSH release
Glucocorticoid release
